DUBAI: After being displaced from the Sudanese capital, Khartoum, several times before finally reaching safety in Kassala to the east, Dr. Tayseer Ibrahim understood better than most the lasting scars Sudan’s war would leave on generations to come.
Before she could complete her final semester in medical school, the 27-year-old was forced to pack her belongings and leave when the sound of shelling drew closer and war raged through the streets of Khartoum, a city since recaptured by the army but still in ruins.
Boarding the first bus packed with displaced people bound for Wad Madani, capital of Al-Jazira state to the southeast of Khartoum, Ibrahim’s journey was perilous, marked by sudden clashes at checkpoints and sleepless nights spent under trees in search of safe passage.
People displaced by the ongoing war in Sudan return to Wad Madani in the Jazira state, on February 6, 2025, after the city was retaken by the Sudanese army from the Rapid Support Forces paramilitaries. (AFP file photo)
After settling temporarily in a camp in the village of Al-Shakaba, she was forced to leave once again when the situation deteriorated. The journey to Kassala took more than a week, mostly on foot, before she finally arrived at the Omar Al-Haj Musa School camp.
“As a survivor, I understood better than anyone what my people truly needed,” Ibrahim told Arab News.
Driven by the pain and loss she endured and the suffering she witnessed, Ibrahim joined a group of displaced female doctors to establish the Youth Voluntary Mental Health Organization in Kassala.
Founded in partnership with the UN refugee agency, UNHCR, the center seeks to meet the growing need for psychological relief and protection, amid the collapse of Sudan’s healthcare system, for a young generation displaced by war and now facing lasting trauma.
Now in its third year, the war between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces has triggered one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises, displacing nearly 12 million people and making Sudan home to the world’s largest internally displaced population.
The war also fueled what the UN describes as the world’s most extensive hunger crisis, with famine already declared in at least five locations.
The situation has been exacerbated by a new wave of displacement, with nearly 90,000 people fleeing El-Fasher in the past two weeks, according to the UN, following the RSF’s capture of the North Darfuri capital on Oct. 26 after an 18-month siege.
With the economy on its knees and public services almost nonexistent, aid groups say the war is leaving an entire generation traumatized, out of school, and malnourished.
Sudanese refugees construct a shelter at the Tine transit camp in Chad on November 8, 2025. With the last army stronghold in Sudan's western Darfur region having fallen to paramilitary forces on October 26, the United Nations expects a mass influx of refugees, but it is unclear how many will actually make it to neighboring Chad. (AFP)
Exposure to violence, hunger, disease, and mass displacement, compounded by the collapse of healthcare infrastructure, has led to a surge in cases of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder, particularly among children and adolescents.
“Most of the displaced in the camps suffer from trauma and depression; some to the point of suicide,” Ibrahim told Arab News.
“Conditions for those diagnosed before the war worsened alongside the new cases brought on by violence and displacement.”
A 2024 survey by the UN children’s fund, UNICEF, found that 67 percent of Sudanese children in displacement camps showed signs of severe emotional distress, yet only five percent had access to any form of psychological support.
Experts said Sudan’s mental health system, weakened by years of economic turmoil and a 22-year civil war, was already limited and severely underfunded.
The latest conflict has further eroded access to medical care as most psychiatrists and mental health workers have fled or been displaced, while medical supplies remain scarce.
Local psychiatrists also report that social stigma toward mental health disorders remains widespread in Sudanese society.
“Many people are not aware of the importance of psychological treatment and support,” said Ibrahim.
She described the “inhumane conditions” facing displaced families in Kassala, many of whom live in schools turned into emergency shelters or in overcrowded tents with no privacy and limited access to clean water or sanitation — conditions ripe for disease, exacerbated by natural disasters such as floods and droughts.
“The majority of the displaced are women and children who live without income or a family provider,” said Ibrahim. “Many displaced families include members suffering from chronic, infectious, or mental illnesses, yet they have little or no access to medical services.”
Patients suffering from cholera receive treatment at a rural isolation centre in Wad Al-Hilu in Kassala state in eastern Sudan, on August 17, 2024. The UNICEF says the situation in Kassala has now gone from bad to worse as the war in Sudan continues. (AFP file photo)
Such conditions put women at risk of gender-based violence, experts warn.
Ibrahim recalled the case of a 17-year-old girl who attempted suicide in the camp, driven to desperation by a lack of privacy, an uncertain future, and domestic abuse by her mentally unstable father.
“Fortunately, intervention came in time. She survived and is now receiving treatment,” said Ibrahim.
With only a handful of psychiatrists and medical professionals left in Sudan, community-based initiatives like Ibrahim’s have become a lifeline.
Despite these efforts, she said the most urgent needs, including food, medicine, shelter, and psychological support, far exceed the humanitarian aid currently available.
Her organization, funded by UNHCR, focuses on mental health and psychosocial support, gender-based violence, child protection, and primary healthcare.
UNICEF infographic on youth mental health.
Ibrahim works alongside a small team comprising a psychologist, a neurologist, and social workers to offer free diagnostic and therapeutic services to displaced persons, along with regular follow-ups for chronic and mental health conditions.
Women and girls affected by gender-based violence receive counseling sessions, supported by a referral network to ensure their protection and safety.
The team provides counseling across several displacement sites, including Sittat Arab Camp in Halfa, Omar Al-Haj Musa School, Al-Saadiya School, Tajoug School, and a camp west of the city’s airport.
Ibrahim said the organization focuses on children and youth in the hope of contributing to Sudan’s long-term recovery.
She was among more than 80 medical students who received UNHCR funding to complete their final semester after the war disrupted their studies.
Hassan Zakaria talks to his fellow Sudanese medical staff who are on duty at a hospital in Aboutengue refugee settlement in eastern Chad. The doctors were among the millions displaced in Sudan when their Teaching Hospital in El-Geneina city in West Darfur was attacked by paramilitaries two years ago. (Photo by Ala Kheir / UNHCR/)
Without that support, she said, she could not have afforded the fees or earned her degree, which later enabled her to establish the organization as a way to pay it forward and help her community rebuild.
Not many students, particularly children, were so fortunate. The conflict has devastated the education system, leaving more than 10,400 schools closed and forcing 19 million children out of formal education, including 4 million who are displaced, according to UNICEF.
The UN agency says Sudan is now facing the world’s largest child displacement crisis.
Aid groups and humanitarian organizations have warned that school closures and economic instability are deepening long-term psychological distress among Sudanese youth, creating a lost generation that could deprive the country of a skilled workforce and prolong its economic instability for years to come.
Malnutrition is another deep and lasting scar of the war. A March 2024 UNICEF report found that nearly 3.8 million children in Sudan are acutely malnourished, including 730,000 suffering from severe acute malnutrition, as health experts warn of the long-term impact of hunger on children’s cognitive development, memory, and ability to learn during their formative years.
Mothers wait at a malnutrition center to register for food aid for their children in the Tiamushro camp for internally displaced persons in Kadugli, South Kordofan state, on June 17, 2024. (AFP)
To encourage emotional expression and a sense of security, Ibrahim said her organization has established child-friendly spaces as safe environments equipped with educational games and creative activities.
Besides providing one-on-one counseling, the center organizes recreational events for children and mothers, and sports activities targeting young people and adolescents to promote their mental and physical well-being.
The center aims to expand its outreach by training volunteers and community members to provide immediate support to those suffering from trauma.
It also holds seminars on mental health and developmental workshops designed to build the capacities of women and youth, empowering them to create lasting change in their communities.
Healthcare professionals want to see mental health treated as a core component of global humanitarian efforts, emphasizing that psychological support is as vital as food, shelter, and medical care in helping conflict-affected communities recover and rebuild.
Calls for a ceasefire and global action have surged amid mounting evidence from UN human rights bodies and independent experts of war crimes in El-Fasher.
Sudanese students take part in an organized march in eastern Sudan's Gedaref city on November 6, 2025 in protest against human rights violations committed by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) against the people of El- Fasher. (AFP)
Both the army and the RSF have been accused of crimes against humanity. The RSF has also been implicated in atrocities in Darfur that the UN said may amount to genocide.
RSF leader Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, also known as Hemedti, has promised to investigate the El-Fasher allegations, but both sides categorically reject accusations of war crimes and genocide.
Mindful of Khartoum’s long road to recovery, Ibrahim said she hopes to return to her hometown and contribute to its reconstruction now that she has established a lifeline for displaced communities in Kassala.
“Communities in Khartoum are in dire need of psychological and medical support, and I feel that my experience as a doctor, a displaced person, and a survivor can make a difference.”
