Yoga: Indian practice turned global phenomenon

Members of India's National Cadet Corps (NCC) take part in a mass yoga session to mark International Yoga Day at the Bison Polo Grounds in Hyderabad on June 21, 2019. (AFP)
Updated 21 June 2019
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Yoga: Indian practice turned global phenomenon

The Indian discipline of yoga, involving spiritual and physical practices, is followed in myriad forms today by millions of people worldwide, with an entry in UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage list.

Here is some background for International Yoga Day, marked on Friday for the fifth time.

Transcending suffering

The word “yoga” has its origins in the ancient Sanskrit language and means “to attach, join, harness, yoke”.

This is the notion underpinning the discipline, according to French historian Bernard Sergent, which is to join the intellect of the one practicing with the “universal soul”.

Yoga first appeared in ancient texts such as the sacred Hindu epic the Bhagavad Gita, written between the fifth and second centuries BC.

It is born of an “awareness of the unsatisfactory character of the human condition,” says India specialist Tara Michael, author of the book “Yoga” published in France in 1980.

The practice emerged as a way of transcending this suffering.

However, in its present-day use, yoga is often no more than a form of exercise, Michael says. 

A modern (re)invention

Yoga became known in the West towards the end of the 19th century as it was undergoing a major revival in India under the Hindu teacher Swami Vivekananda.

This philosopher-monk stressed yoga's rational and scientific qualities in a bid to make the discipline compatible with the West.

His book “Raja Yoga” lays the foundations for a modern and international yoga.

In the first half of the 20th century, Western texts began to detail yoga postures, also known as “asanas”.

The emphasis on these postures and their sequences, such as the famous Sun Salutations, is a recent development, says India specialist Sita Reddy in “Yoga, The Art of Transformation”.

Modern Western references such as the Oxford English Dictionary define yoga as a “spiritual and ascetic discipline” which includes “breath control, simple meditation, and the adoption of specific bodily postures.”

Global phenomenon

Indian metaphysics captured the imagination of counter-cultural movements of the 1960s and 1970s, as epitomized by the relationship between The Beatles and the Indian guru Maharishi Mahesh.

Yoga as a spiritual practice was popularized at this time with the more athletic and dynamic methods developed in the 1980s and 1990s, says Mark Singleton from the School of Oriental and African Studies in London.

It is difficult to say just how many people practice yoga around the world today, although some estimate it could be up to around 200 to 300 million.

Studies have shown its benefits for dealing with anxiety, depression and sleep disorders, with yoga considered more effective than a simple physical activity but less than psychotherapy.

World heritage

Since coming to power in 2014, India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi has used yoga as an emblem of India's flourishing in the world, pushing for the UN resolution that has -- since 2015 -- consecrated June 21 as International Yoga Day.

UNESCO added yoga to its list of intangible cultural heritage in 2016 in recognition of its influence on Indian society, “from health and medicine to education and the arts.”

“Designed to help individuals build self-realization, ease any suffering they may be experiencing and allow for a state of liberation, (yoga) is practiced by the young and old without discriminating against gender, class or religion,” UNESCO added in a tweet.


Recipes for Success: Chef Karishma Sakhrani offers advice and a mutton kabab recipe

Updated 05 February 2026
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Recipes for Success: Chef Karishma Sakhrani offers advice and a mutton kabab recipe

DUBAI: Karishma Sakhrani’s path into the kitchen was not a straightforward one. Before food became her full focus, she was working in fashion and business, building a career that looked good on paper but felt incomplete.  

It was not until she reached the finals of “MasterChef India” that the disconnect became impossible to ignore and she decided to pursue food seriously, even without formal culinary training. 

Sakhrani built her skills through repetition and risk — hosting pop-ups, cooking private dinners, developing menus, collaborating with restaurants and moving between cities as opportunities came up.  

Now based in Dubai, Sakhrani runs her own dining concept, Viceroy’s Table, while also collaborating with a number of other restaurants.  

When you started out, what was the most common mistake you made? 

I tried to do too much. I was obsessed with complexity — more elements on the plate, more techniques, more garnishes. I believed that effort automatically translated to excellence. Over time, I realized that restraint is actually the hardest skill to master. The most memorable dishes are often the simplest ones, executed with confidence and consistency. Learning when to stop, when not to add another step or ingredient, was a turning point for me. 

What’s your top tip for amateur chefs? 

Recipes are guides, not rulebooks. Go with your instinct and trust your palate. Ingredients vary, stoves behave differently, and your taste matters. If something needs more salt or acidity, adjust it. Also, don’t rush! Cooking is much more enjoyable when you allow yourself to be present rather than stressed about the outcome. For me, cooking is meditative. I just lose myself in a trance when I’m cooking at home.  

What one ingredient can instantly improve any dish?  

Lemon! A squeeze of lemon can completely transform a dish because acidity wakes everything up; it sharpens flavors, balances richness and adds freshness without overpowering what’s already there. Whether it’s a few drops at the end of a curry, a salad dressing, grilled vegetables, or even a dessert, lemon brings brightness and clarity. It’s often the missing element when a dish tastes flat, and a reminder that balance is just as important as seasoning. 

When you go out to eat, do you find yourself critiquing the food?  

I try not to overanalyze when I’m dining out, but it’s instinctive to notice details. 

What’s the most common issue you see in other restaurants? 

Inconsistency — a dish might be great one visit and disappointing the next. Often, this comes down to lack of attention to basics or rushed execution. Consistency is what builds trust with diners. 

What’s your favorite cuisine or dish to order? 

Pizza. The perfect char, crisp crust, and molten cheese of a wood-fired pizza is impossible to achieve in a regular oven. I also love Japanese food. The precision, balance, and respect for ingredients always impress me. From delicate sushi to rich ramen, it’s about technique meeting simplicity; flavors are subtle, textures matter, and everything feels intentional. 

What’s your go-to dish if you have to cook something quickly at home? 

Spaghetti Aglio e Olio. It’s simple, satisfying, and full of flavor. With just garlic, olive oil, chili, parsley, and spaghetti, you can create something comforting yet vibrant. It hits the spot every time, proving that a few good-quality, basic ingredients can make a dish feel elevated without spending hours in the kitchen. 

What customer behavior most annoys you? 

I’m generally very relaxed, so I don’t get annoyed easily. If anything, it’s when guests make changes to a dish, and then aren’t exactly happy at the end of it: the way a dish is designed is very intentional and thoughtful. 

What’s your favorite dish to cook? 

Believe it or not, my favorite dishes are salads. It might sound simple, but salads are where my creativity really shines. My journey with cooking actually started with a focus on healthy eating, and over time I’ve come to love the challenge of turning basic ingredients into something extraordinary. What excites me about salads is the endless opportunity to experiment with flavors, textures, and colors.  

What’s the most difficult dish for you to get right? 

Desserts are by far the most challenging for me. They demand such precision — temperatures, measurements, timing, and technique all have to align perfectly. Even a tiny misstep can change the texture, consistency, or flavor completely. That’s what makes them so intimidating, but also so fascinating. I genuinely wish I had more time to dedicate to learning and experimenting with them.  

As a head chef, what are you like in the kitchen? 

I’m firm but really calm. I believe kitchens run best on clarity, respect, and accountability rather than fear. High standards don’t need aggression. When people feel supported, they perform better, learn faster, and take pride in their work. 

Chef Karishma’s peshawari mutton chapli kabab recipe 

Chef Karishma’s peshawari mutton chapli kabab. (Supplied) 

Servings: 6–8 kababs 
Prep time: 20 mins 
Cook time: 15 mins 

 Ingredients

Mutton mince (with some fat) – 500g (coarsely ground, not fine) 

Onions – 1 large (finely chopped, water squeezed out) 

Tomato – 1 medium (finely chopped) 

Green chilies – 2–3 (finely chopped) 

Coriander leaves – a handful (chopped) 

Mint leaves – a few (chopped, optional) 

Garlic paste – 1 tsp 

Ginger paste – 1 tsp 

Crushed coriander seeds – 1 tsp 

Pomegranate seeds (anardana) – 1 tsp (crushed) 

Cumin seeds – 1 tsp (roasted & crushed) 

Red chili flakes – 1 tsp (adjust to taste) 

Salt – to taste 

Cornmeal (makai ka atta) – 2–3 tbsp (for binding) 

Egg – 1 (optional, for binding) 

Tomato slices – for topping (optional, very authentic!) 

Oil or ghee – for shallow frying 

Instructions

Mix the mince: 

In a large bowl, combine mutton mince with all the chopped veggies, herbs, spices, and cornmeal. 

Mix well using your hand (the warmth helps blend everything). 

Add egg if needed for extra binding. 

Let the mixture rest in the fridge for 30 mins (helps firm it up). 

Shape the kababs: 

Wet your hands and shape large, flat patties (authentic chapli kababs are wide and a bit thin). 

Optional: press a thin tomato slice into the center of each kabab. 

Fry: 

Heat oil or ghee in a shallow frying pan. 

Fry kababs on medium-high heat until golden brown and cooked through, about 4–5 minutes per side. 

Serve hot: 

Enjoy with naan, chutney, and raw onions or salad.