MONTEVIDEO: She scrubs plates, mops floors and washes clothes with vigor. She works when others relax. And she plays games with children who are not hers, even though they might feel a bit like family by now.
Just like Cleo, the live-in nanny in Alfonso Cuaron’s Oscar-nominated film “Roma,” Ignacia Ponciano represents millions of women working in domestic service across Latin America for want of a better opportunity.
“Nacha,” as she is known, started working at the Rodriguez household in Mexico City 30 years ago, when she was in her late teens. She left her rural village for the capital looking for a break.
Once she found both a job and a home, she never left.
Ponciano’s story is hardly uncommon for women in Latin America, where the work and personal lives of so many domestic employees are closely intertwined.
“Roma” is Cuaron’s tribute to his childhood nanny Libo and women like her across the region — forever in the background yet an integral part of the families that they serve.
In recent years, several countries have established laws to formalize what tend to be very ad hoc employment contracts for maids and nannies.
The International Labour Organization (ILO) enshrined job security and benefits in a convention in 2013 — so far, more than a dozen countries in the region have ratified it.
But other regional economic and migration crises have made its lofty goals difficult to achieve.
In the home where she says she landed “without knowing how to do anything,” Ponciano worked cleaning, cooking and looking after Penelope, the daughter of her boss, who was divorced and living with her sister.
She quickly became a confidante to everyone in the house.
But while it was a close-knit, family-like community, it was also the source of her livelihood — and she had no formal contract to protect her from the whims of fate.
According to the ILO, there are 18 million domestic workers in Latin America, 93 percent of them women, making it “one of the most important occupations for women in the region.”
But it is almost 80 percent informal employment, meaning workers have trouble accessing social security, lack opportunities for advancement and have no recourse for workplace inspections, the ILO says.
There is also no collective bargaining to lobby for better work conditions.
With new lifestyles and new regulations, workers who live with their employers have become the exception, not the rule, and this change is having an impact on how the homes themselves are designed.
Lourdes Cruz Gonzalez Franco, a researcher from the National University of Mexico, said it is unusual now for architects to plan for servants’ quarters in new houses.
“Although you can’t generalize, because the upper classes still plan for servants’ quarters, there is a tendency to get rid of them or convert them into guest rooms or studios,” she said.
That means that domestic servants have to commute to work, often for hours, which in turn leads to more superficial relations with their employers than the close ties portrayed in “Roma,” set in the 1970s.
Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela, among others, have introduced rules that establish base salaries and other benefits.
In December, Mexico’s Supreme Court ordered that some two million domestic workers be enrolled in the social security system within three years to guarantee their access to public health care and other benefits.
Nevertheless, countries that have made progress in the sector, like Argentina, have discovered that the challenge does not end with writing new laws.
Since 2013, domestic workers there have had the right to overtime, paid holidays and maternity leave. Yet still some 57 percent of the work in private homes is on an informal basis.
Workers are also very vulnerable to economic and social unrest, as has been the case in Brazil.
Despite a 2013 law to benefit domestic workers, the economic crash two years later dealt a serious blow to the country’s safety net.
Now, around a third of Brazil’s 6.2 million domestic workers are employed on an off-the-books basis.
The situation is even worse in crisis-torn Venezuela, where 41-year-old Marbelis Martínez cleans apartments.
Despite a 2012 law protecting domestic workers, she is lucky if she can afford half a kilo (one pound) of meat a week.
“It won’t even get me a dozen eggs,” she said of her pay.
Even in the United States, seen by some in the region as a promised land, a survey by the National Union of Domestic Employees found that “workers are exposed to the whims of their employers.”
According to the study, 23 percent of dismissals were because people complained about their working conditions. In many cases, the workers’ immigration status obliges them to suffer in silence.
But that helplessness is often experienced by Latin American workers in their home countries.
In Guatemala, Maritza Velasquez, president of the Association of Domestic Workers, said the majority of maids come from indigenous communities, and few make even the minimum wage of $384 a month.
“The monthly wage can go from $90 a $320, but there are almost no complaints for fear of reprisals,” she said.
‘Roma’ casts spotlight on Latin America’s domestic workers
‘Roma’ casts spotlight on Latin America’s domestic workers
- In recent years, several countries have established laws to formalize what tend to be very ad hoc employment contracts for maids and nannies
- The International Labour Organization (ILO) enshrined job security and benefits in a convention in 2013
‘Oppenheimer’ finally premieres in Japan to mixed reactions and high emotions
- “Oppenheimer” has finally opened in the nation where two cities were obliterated by the nuclear weapons invented by the American scientist at the center of the film
- The film’s release in Japan had been watched with trepidation
TOKYO: “Oppenheimer” finally premiered Friday in the nation where two cities were obliterated 79 years ago by the nuclear weapons invented by the American scientist who was the subject of the Oscar-winning film. Japanese filmgoers’ reactions understandably were mixed and highly emotional.
Toshiyuki Mimaki, who survived the bombing of Hiroshima when he was 3, said he has been fascinated by the story of J. Robert Oppenheimer, often called “the father of the atomic bomb” for leading the Manhattan Project.
“What were the Japanese thinking, carrying out the attack on Pearl Harbor, starting a war they could never hope to win,” he said, sadness in his voice, in a telephone interview with The Associated Press.
He is now chairperson of a group of bomb victims called the Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organization and he saw “Oppenheimer” at a preview event. “During the whole movie, I was waiting and waiting for the Hiroshima bombing scene to come on, but it never did,” Mimaki said.
“Oppenheimer” does not directly depict what happened on the ground when the bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, turning some 100,000 people instantly into ashes, and killed thousands more in the days that followed, mostly civilians.
The film instead focuses on Oppenheimer as a person and his internal conflicts.
The film’s release in Japan, more than eight months after it opened in the US, had been watched with trepidation because of the sensitivity of the subject matter.
Former Hiroshima Mayor Takashi Hiraoka, who spoke at a preview event for the film in the southwestern city, was more critical of what was omitted.
“From Hiroshima’s standpoint, the horror of nuclear weapons was not sufficiently depicted,” he was quoted as saying by Japanese media. “The film was made in a way to validate the conclusion that the atomic bomb was used to save the lives of Americans.”
Some moviegoers offered praise. One man emerging from a Tokyo theater Friday said the movie was great, stressing that the topic was of great interest to Japanese, although emotionally volatile as well. Another said he got choked up over the film’s scenes depicting Oppenheimer’s inner turmoil. Neither man would give his name to an Associated Press journalist.
In a sign of the historical controversy, a backlash flared last year over the “Barbenheimer” marketing phenomenon that merged pink-and-fun “Barbie” with seriously intense “Oppenheimer.” Warner Bros. Japan, which distributed “Barbie” in the country, apologized after some memes depicted the Mattel doll with atomic blast imagery.
Kazuhiro Maeshima, professor at Sophia University, who specializes in US politics, called the film an expression of “an American conscience.”
Those who expect an anti-war movie may be disappointed. But the telling of Oppenheimer’s story in a Hollywood blockbuster would have been unthinkable several decades ago, when justification of nuclear weapons dominated American sentiments, Maeshima said.
“The work shows an America that has changed dramatically,” he said in a telephone interview.
Others suggested the world might be ready for a Japanese response to that story.
Takashi Yamazaki, director of “Godzilla Minus One,” which won the Oscar for visual effects and is a powerful statement on nuclear catastrophe in its own way, suggested he might be the man for that job.
“I feel there needs to an answer from Japan to ‘Oppenheimer.’ Someday, I would like to make that movie,” he said in an online dialogue with “Oppenheimer” director Christopher Nolan.
Nolan heartily agreed.
Hiroyuki Shinju, a lawyer, noted Japan and Germany also carried out wartime atrocities, even as the nuclear threat grows around the world. Historians say Japan was also working on nuclear weapons during World War II and would have almost certainly used them against other nations, Shinju said.
“This movie can serve as the starting point for addressing the legitimacy of the use of nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as well as humanity’s, and Japan’s, reflections on nuclear weapons and war,” he wrote in his commentary on “Oppenheimer” published by the Tokyo Bar Association.
Dogs can associate words with objects, study finds
That our four-legged companions are able to recognize words that prompt actions will come as no surprise to dog owners who tell their pets to “sit” or “fetch.”
However, the study, which analyzed brain activity in 18 dogs, provided evidence that they can activate a memory of an object when they hear its name. The study was carried out at the Eotvos Lorand University in Budapest and published in the journal Current Biology.
“There has been a long debate on a non-human animal’s ability to understand words referentially,” said Marianna Boros who co-authored the study.
“While there have been behavioral reports, these were always exceptional cases. Our study is the first where we claim that this is a species-wide capacity.”
During the study, dog owners said words for objects their pets knew. Then in some cases they would present the dog with an object that matched the word, while in other cases the object didn’t match.
The results found that the patterns in the dogs’ brains when the words matched the objects were different compared to when they didn’t. This is similar to what can be observed in humans.
“Dogs can understand that words stand for things... So they activate mental representations and they link the meaning of the word to a mental representation and not just the context,” said Boros.
The researchers plan to examine if this ability to understand referential language is specific to dogs or might be present in other mammals as well.
Video of Lebanese PM mistaking aide for Italy’s Giorgia Meloni goes viral
- Mikati greets aide, gives her a peck on each cheek at Beirut Airport
- Online users make fun over the blunder, some accusing him of embarrassing Lebanon
BEIRUT: Lebanese Prime Minister Najib Mikati was the victim of an innocent gaffe on Wednesday when he mistook an assistant for Italy’s Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni and gave her a peck on the cheek at Beirut Airport.
In a short video that went viral across social media on Wednesday and Thursday, Mikati was shown waiting on the tarmac during a welcome reception as Meloni’s plane arrived in Beirut.
Media reports identified the aide as Patrizia Scurti, who had disembarked from the plane ahead of the Italian leader.
Mikati approached Scurti, who was carrying two bags, and gave her a handshake and a peck on each cheek. He then turned, wanting to accompany her on the red carpet toward the airport’s main building, when one of his aides informed him about the blunder.
Mikati then turned back toward the staircase and went to welcome Meloni, who had stepped out from the plane. He greeted her with a handshake and kissed her on each cheek.
The video triggered social media uproar as the Lebanese prime minister was subject to mockery and criticism online. Online users joked about the blunder, with some accusing him of embarrassing Lebanon and the Lebanese.
A source close to the prime minister’s office told Arab News on Thursday that it was an “honest mistake” and did not warrant “that much unneeded sarcasm or mockery across social media.”
The source, who requested anonymity, added: “Anybody who watches the video would realize how much the two women look alike.”
As part of her short trip to Lebanon, Meloni on Thursday inspected the Italian contingent at the headquarters of the UN Interim Force in Lebanon, in the south of the country, and thanked the troops for their services.
India’s biggest election loser ready to fight again
- K. Padmarajan, a 65-year-old tire repair shop owner, failed 238 times in his bid for public office, but he vows to fight on
- His one victory has been to earn a place as India’s most unsuccessful candidate in the Limca Book of Records
METTUR, India: Despite failing 238 times in his bid for public office in India, K. Padmarajan is unperturbed as he prepares, yet again, to contest elections in the world’s largest democracy.
The 65-year-old tire repair shop owner began fighting elections in 1988 from his hometown of Mettur in the southern state of Tamil Nadu.
People laughed when he threw his hat into the ring, but he said he wanted to prove that an ordinary man can take part.
“All candidates seek victory in elections,” said Padmarajan, sporting a bright shawl draped over his shoulder and an imposing walrus moustache. “Not me.”
For him, the victory is in participating, and when his defeat inevitably comes, he is “happy losing,” he said.
This year, in India’s six-week-long general elections that begin on April 19, he is contesting a parliamentary seat in Tamil Nadu’s Dharmapuri district.
Popularly dubbed the “Election King,” Padmarajan has competed across the country in elections ranging from presidential to local polls.
Over the years he has lost to Prime Minister Narendra Modi, former premiers Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Manmohan Singh, and Congress party scion Rahul Gandhi.
‘It is about involvement’
“Victory is secondary,” he said. “Who is the opposite candidate? I do not care.”
Padmarajan’s main preoccupation now is extending his losing streak.
It has not come cheap — he estimates he has spent thousands of dollars in more than three decades of nomination fees.
That includes a security deposit of 25,000 rupees ($300) for his latest tilt, which will not be refunded unless he wins more than 16 percent of the vote.
His one victory has been to earn a place as India’s most unsuccessful candidate in the Limca Book of Records, the country’s archive of records held by Indians.
Padmarajan’s best performance was in 2011, when he stood for the assembly elections in Mettur. He won 6,273 votes — compared to more than 75,000 for the eventual victor.
“I did not even expect one vote,” he said. “But it showed that people are accepting me.”
In addition to his tire repair shop, Padmarajan provides homoeopathic remedies and works as an editor for local media.
But among all his jobs, fighting elections was the most important, he said.
“It is about involvement,” he said. “People hesitate to put in their nominations. So I want to be a role model, to create awareness.”
‘Failure is best’
Padmarajan maintains detailed records of the nomination papers and identity cards from each of his failed bids for statesmanship, all laminated for safekeeping.
Each bears the multitude of campaign symbols he has used; a fish, ring, hat, telephone and, this time, tires.
Once the subject of ridicule, Padmarajan is now asked to address students about resilience, using his campaigns to explain how to bounce back from defeat.
“I do not think of winning — failure is best,” he said. “If we are in that frame of mind, we do not get stressed.”
Padmarajan’s lesson in democracy comes at a time when public support for India’s clamorous democratic process appears to be waning.
A February survey by the Pew Research Center found 67 percent of Indians thought that a strong leader unencumbered by parliament or the courts was a better system of government than representative democracy — up from 55 percent in 2017.
Rights groups also say that democracy has become increasingly illiberal under Modi, with several criminal probes into opposition party leaders making this year’s election appear increasingly one-sided.
Padmarajan said it was important, now more than ever, that every citizen of the country exercise their franchise.
“It is their right, they should cast their votes, in that respect there is no winning or losing,” he said.
Padmarajan said he will continue to fight elections until his last breath — but would be shocked were he ever to win.
“I will have a heart attack,” he laughed.
Creature named Kermit the Frog offers clues on amphibian evolution
- Scientists described the fossilized skull of a creature called Kermitops gratus that lived in what is now Texas about 270 million years ago
- Amphibians are one of the four groups of living terrestrial vertebrates, along with reptiles, birds and mammals
WASHINGTON: There definitely were no muppets during the Permian Period, but there was a Kermit — or at least a forerunner of modern amphibians that has been named after the celebrity frog.
Scientists on Thursday described the fossilized skull of a creature called Kermitops gratus that lived in what is now Texas about 270 million years ago. It belongs to a lineage believed to have given rise to the three living branches of amphibians — frogs, salamanders and limbless caecilians.
While only the skull — measuring around 1.2 inches (3 cm) long — was discovered, the researchers think Kermitops had a stoutly built salamander-like body roughly 6-7 inches (15-18 cm) long, though salamanders would not evolve for another roughly 100 million years.
Amphibians are one of the four groups of living terrestrial vertebrates, along with reptiles, birds and mammals. The unique features of the Kermitops skull — a blend of archaic and more advanced features — are providing insight into amphibian evolution.
“Kermitops helps us understand the early history of amphibians by revealing there isn’t a clear trend of step by step becoming more like the modern amphibian,” said Calvin So, a George Washington University paleontology doctoral student and lead author of the study published in the Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.
The fossil was collected in 1984 near Lake Kemp in Texas and kept in the expansive collection of the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History in Washington, but was not thoroughly studied until recently.
Kermitops had a rounded snout, not unlike frogs and salamanders. Preserved in its eye sockets were palpebral bones — or eyelid bones — a feature absent in today’s amphibians. Its skull is constructed of roof-like bones, in contrast to the thin and strut-like bones of modern amphibians.
“The length of the skull in front of the eyes is longer than the length of the skull behind the eyes, which differs from the other fossil amphibians living at the same time. We think this might have allowed Kermitops to snap its jaws closed faster, enabling capture of fast insect prey,” So said.
The fossil record of early amphibians and their forerunners is spotty, making it difficult to figure out the origins of modern amphibians.
“Kermitops, with its unique anatomy, really exemplifies the importance of continuing to add new fossil data to understanding this evolutionary problem,” said National Museum of Natural History paleontologist and study co-author Arjan Mann.
Kermit the Frog was created by the late American puppeteer Jim Henson in 1955, and a Kermit puppet made in the 1970s is in the collection of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History as an important cultural object.
Kermitops means “Kermit face,” a nod to the muppet’s humorous look.
“We thought that the eyelid bones gave the fossil a bug-eyed look, and combined with a lopsided smile produced by slight crushing during the preservation of the fossil, we really thought it looked like Kermit the Frog,” So said.
Kermitops belonged to a group called temnospondyls that arose a few tens of millions of years after the first land vertebrates evolved from fish ancestors. The biggest temnospondyls superficially resembled crocodiles, including two that each were around 20 feet (6 meters) in length, Prionosuchus and Mastodonsaurus.
Temnospondyls are considered the progenitor lineage of modern amphibians, Mann said.
Kermitops existed about 20 million years before the worst mass extinction in Earth’s history and about 40 million years before the first dinosaurs. It lived alongside other members of the amphibian lineage as well as the impressive sail-backed Dimetrodon, a predator related to the mammalian lineage.
The environment in which Kermitops lived appears to have alternated between warm and humid seasons and hot and arid seasons.
“This environment would be similar to modern-day monsoons that take place in the Southwest US and Southeast Asia,” So said.