DUNGARPUR, India: Indian farmer Kokila Damor always looked forward to visiting the city hospital, but only so that she could use its toilet.
Now she is not only a proud toilet owner but a sanitation champion for other villagers in the state of Rajasthan who have been used to defecating in the open since time immemorial.
“Having a toilet has changed my life. I can sleep a bit more. Earlier I had to rush out at four in the morning,” said Damor, a 34-year-old mother of three.
“I would always look for an excuse to go to the hospital as I loved using a proper toilet with a door, water and lights,” she said.
Before, during autumn it would be a struggle to find a secluded spot amidst the bare trees, while in the rainy season her hands would hurt from holding an umbrella — to say nothing of the fear of being spotted.
But Bhuwalia, her village, is one of the success stories of a public health drive launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi — host of a sanitation summit in Delhi this week — on taking office in 2014.
The houses in Bhuwalia now boast toilets with twin-pit technology that requires no sewerage, and a sloped pan design that minimizes water usage in the drought-prone region.
Diseases caused by poor sanitation and unsafe water kill some 1.4 million children every year worldwide, more than measles, malaria and AIDS combined.
Under Modi’s scheme, tribal households get 15,000 rupees ($205) each for building latrines, a boon for someone like Damor whose monthly family income is less than 10,000 rupees.
The Indian government says it has built more than 86 million toilets across the country of 1.25 billion people since October 2014.
It also says it has slashed the number of people forced to go to the loo in the open from 550 million in 2014 to fewer than 150 million today.
The “Swachh Bharat Abhiyan” (Clean India Mission) is aimed at ending open defecation entirely by October 2 2019, birthday of India’s independence hero and sanitation crusader Mahatma Gandhi.
The multibillion-dollar campaign combines raising awareness, providing subsidies for making latrines, and communal naming and shaming of those still relieving themselves in the open.
UNICEF, one of the many global organizations that has been supporting the Indian mission, has embarked on a mass awareness campaign in the remotest corners to insist “poo must go to the loo.”
“We actually showed them how the flies sitting on stool were then sitting on their water and food,” said Rushabh Hemani, who works for UNICEF in Rajasthan.
“When they learnt how the flies were spreading diseases, they realized the need for covered toilets.”
There were other challenges too.
There were no approach roads to many villages in Dungarpur district, which meant transporting construction material for toilets was a Herculean task.
The villagers, led by Laxman Damor — a former soldier and Kokila’s father-in-law — then did what they knew best. They started building the road by themselves, using hoes, pickaxes and other basic tools.
“Once the road was built, we used camels to bring up sacks of cement and tiles,” said Laxman as he stood outside his toilet, the door scribbled with a slogan promoting hygiene.
But an Indian parliamentary report released in March red-flagged concerns over the rush to build toilets without making sure they were being used for the right purpose.
Often villagers construct a toilet but end up using it as a store room.
In order to motivate people to use the toilet, teams of government employees and volunteers roam villages to publicly shame those who relieve themselves in the open.
Armed with torches and whistles, the so-called “good-morning squads” try to catch offenders red-handed during their early morning patrols.
“We mean no harm. This is the only way,” said Kokila Damor, who revels in the unusual task.
“It’s only through fear that you can stop people from defecating outdoors.”
An Indian village’s fight to take the ‘poo to the loo’
An Indian village’s fight to take the ‘poo to the loo’
- ‘Having a toilet has changed my life. I can sleep a bit more’
- The Indian government says it has built more than 86 million toilets across the country of 1.25 billion people since October 2014
Three-year heatwave bleached half the planet’s coral reefs: study
PARIS: A study published on Tuesday showed that more than half of the world’s coral reefs were bleached between 2014-2017 — a record-setting episode now being eclipsed by another series of devastating heatwaves.
The analysis concluded that 51 percent of the world’s reefs endured moderate or worse bleaching while 15 percent experienced significant mortality over the three-year period known as the “Third Global Bleaching Event.”
It was “by far the most severe and widespread coral bleaching event on record,” said Sean Connolly, one the study’s authors and a senior scientist at the Panama-based Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.
“And yet, reefs are currently experiencing an even more severe Fourth Event, which started in early 2023,” Connolly said in a statement.
When the sea overheats, corals eject the microscopic algae that provides their distinct color and food source.
Unless ocean temperatures return to more tolerable levels, bleached corals are unable to recover and eventually die of starvation.
“Our findings demonstrate that the impacts of ocean warming on coral reefs are accelerating, with the near certainty that ongoing warming will cause large-scale, possibly irreversible, degradation of these essential ecosystems,” said the study in the journal Nature Communications.
An international team of scientists analyzed data from more than 15,000 in-water and aerial surveys of reefs around the world over the 2014-2017 period.
They combined the data with satellite-based heat stress measurements and used statistical models to estimate how much bleaching occurred around the world.
No time to recover
The two previous global bleaching events, in 1998 and 2010, had lasted one year.
“2014-17 was the first record of a global coral bleaching event lasting much beyond a single year,” the study said.
“Ocean warming is increasing the frequency, extent, and severity of tropical-coral bleaching and mortality.”
Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, for instance, saw peak heat stress increase each year between 2014 and 2017.
“We are seeing that reefs don’t have time to recover properly before the next bleaching event occurs,” said Scott Heron, professor of physics at James Cook University in Australia.
A major scientific report last year warned that the world’s tropical coral reefs have likely reached a “tipping point” — a shift that could trigger massive and often permanent changes in the natural world.
The global scientific consensus is that most coral reefs would perish at warming of 1.5C above preindustrial levels — the ambitious, long-term limit countries agreed to pursue under the 2015 Paris climate accord.
Global temperatures exceeded 1.5C on average between 2023-2025, the European Union’s climate monitoring service, Copernicus, said last month.
“We are only just beginning to analyze bleaching and mortality observations from the current bleaching event,” Connolly told AFP.
“However the overall level of heat stress was extraordinarily high, especially in 2023-2024, comparable to or higher than what was observed in 2014-2017, at least in some regions,” he said.
He said the Pacific coastline of Panama experienced “dramatically worse heat stress than they had ever experienced before, and we observed considerable coral mortality.”
