What We Are Reading Today: The West: The History of an Idea

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Updated 11 July 2025
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What We Are Reading Today: The West: The History of an Idea

  • The need for the use of the term “the West” emerged to avoid the confusing or unwanted consequences of the use of “Europe”

Author: Georgios Varouxakis

How did “the West” come to be used as a collective self-designation signaling political and cultural commonality? When did “Westerners” begin to refer to themselves in this way? Was the idea handed down from the ancient Greeks, or coined by 19th-century imperialists? 

Neither, writes Georgios Varouxakis in “The West,” his ambitious and fascinating genealogy of the idea. “The West” was not used by Plato, Cicero, Locke, Mill, or other canonized figures of what we today call the Western tradition. It was not first wielded by empire-builders.

It gradually emerged as of the 1820s and was then, Varouxakis shows, decisively promoted in the 1840s by the French philosopher Auguste Comte (whose political project, incidentally, was passionately anti-imperialist). 

The need for the use of the term “the West” emerged to avoid the confusing or unwanted consequences of the use of “Europe.” The two overlapped, but were not identical, with the West used to  differentiate from certain “others” within Europe as well as to include the Americas.

 


What We Are Reading Today: ‘Collaborating with the Enemy’

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Updated 19 December 2025
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What We Are Reading Today: ‘Collaborating with the Enemy’

  • This skill is certainly necessary to acquire and maintain in our increasingly globalized world

The title of the 2017 book “Collaborating with the Enemy: How to Work with People You Don’t Agree with or Like or Trust,” by Adam Kahane, is sure to catch your curiosity.

Printed by the independent, mission-driven publishing company Berrett-Koehler, the book delivers on delving into the topic.

Kahane, a director of Reos Partners — which describes itself as “an international social enterprise that helps people move forward together on their most important and intractable issues” — argues that traditional collaboration, which relies on harmony, consensus and a clear, shared plan, is often impossible to achieve in complex, polarized situations.

Instead, he proposes something called “stretch collaboration,” a framework for working with people you may not agree with, like, or even trust. 

This skill is certainly necessary to acquire and maintain in our increasingly globalized world.

Some of the practical techniques and strategies mentioned can arguably be applied beyond the workplace: in fractured families or friendships, for example.

“The problem with enemyfying is not that we never have enemies: we often face people and situations that present us with difficulties and dangers,” Kahane writes.

“Moreover, any effort we make to effect change in the world will create discomfort, resistance, and opposition. The real problem with enemyfying is that it distracts and unbalances us. We cannot avoid others whom we find challenging, so we need to focus simply on deciding, given these challenges, what we ourselves will do next.”

The book boasts a foreword by Peter Block, bestselling author of “Community and Stewardship,” who writes: “The book is really an annotation on the title. The title asks me to collaborate with people I don’t agree with. Not so difficult. But then the stakes are raised, and I am asked to collaborate with people I don’t like. This too is manageable, even common in most workplaces.

“The final ask, though, is tougher: collaborate with people I don’t trust; even people I consider enemies. To make these acts doable is the promise of the book.”

And, in a way, it does. But Kahane seems to also use this book to pat himself on the back. In parts it reads like an expanded LinkedIn testimonial to his own resume.