Authors: Asier Larramendi and Marco P. Ferretti

Today, only three species of elephants survive — the African savanna elephant, the African forest elephant, and the Asian elephant. However, these modern giants represent just a fraction of the vast and diverse order of Proboscidea, which includes not only living elephants but also their many extinct relatives.

Over the past 60 million years, proboscideans have evolved and adapted across five continents, giving rise to an astonishing variety of forms, from the massive, woolly-coated mammoths of the Ice Age to the diminutive, island-dwelling dwarf elephants.