Global borrowing hits $25tn in 2024, raising debt sustainability fears: OECD 

The surge in borrowing reflects a fragile global economy grappling with slower growth, persistent inflation, and geopolitical uncertainty. Shutterstock.
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Updated 23 March 2025
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Global borrowing hits $25tn in 2024, raising debt sustainability fears: OECD 

RIYADH: Global borrowing hit a record $25 trillion in 2024, a $10 trillion surge from pre-pandemic levels, sparking concerns over sustainability, a new report showed.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development said in its latest study, “Financing Growth in a Challenging Debt Market Environment,” that the figure is nearly triple the amount raised in 2007, driven by rising sovereign and corporate debt amid higher borrowing costs and economic volatility. 

The surge in borrowing reflects a fragile global economy grappling with slower growth, persistent inflation, and geopolitical uncertainty, which have forced governments and companies to seek more debt to fund operations and maintain public services. 

OECD Secretary-General Mathias Cormann said: “Sovereign and corporate debt levels continue to grow across the world, at a time of increasing borrowing costs and market volatility.” He urged governments to improve public spending efficiency, prioritize productive investments, and incentivize businesses to expand capacity. 

Rising debt levels

The analysis warned that debt levels are projected to continue rising into 2025, with the aggregate central government marketable debt-to-gross domestic product ratio in OECD countries expected to reach 85 percent. This represents an increase of more than 10 percentage points since 2019, nearly double the 2007 level.

“The increase in 2024 was the first since 2020, reflecting slower projected GDP (gross domestic product) growth of around 2 percent annually during this period, compared to over 4 percent in 2022-23, when the economy was recovering from the pandemic,” the report said. 

Bond yields in several major markets surged despite declining policy rates, exacerbating the challenges posed by higher sovereign and corporate indebtedness. This scenario increases borrowing costs and limits the fiscal space available for future investment at a time when substantial capital is needed to drive economic growth, respond to demographic changes, and meet defense and infrastructure needs. 

Record bond issuance

Sovereign bond issuance in OECD countries is projected to reach a historic high of $17 trillion in 2025, up from $14 trillion in 2023. The total outstanding debt is expected to grow from $54 trillion in 2023 to nearly $59 trillion in 2025.

Emerging markets and developing economies also witnessed a sharp increase in sovereign borrowing, with total debt issuance rising from approximately $1 trillion in 2007 to over $3 trillion in 2024. China accounted for 45 percent of the total issuance in 2024, a rise from the 17 percent recorded between 2007 and 2014.

By the end of 2024, global corporate bond debt is set to reach $35 trillion, continuing a decades-long borrowing trend, mainly driven by non-financial companies whose debt has nearly doubled since 2008.

Higher borrowing costs

Governments and corporations are beginning to feel the weight of higher borrowing costs. In 2024, interest payments as a share of GDP increased in about two-thirds of OECD countries, reaching an average of 3.3 percent — a growth of 0.3 percentage points from the previous year. 

“This means spending on interest payments is greater than government expenditure on defense in the OECD on aggregate,” the report explained. 

Additionally, refinancing risks have grown significantly, with nearly 45 percent of sovereign debt in OECD countries set to mature by 2027. Corporate bond markets face similar pressures, with approximately one-third of all outstanding corporate bond debt scheduled to mature in the next three years. 

Refinancing this debt at higher interest rates could further strain public and corporate finances.   

Debt ownership shifts 

The withdrawal of central banks from sovereign debt markets continued in 2024, with their holdings of domestic government bonds in OECD economies shrinking from 29 percent of total outstanding debt in 2021 to 19 percent in 2024.

Simultaneously, domestic households increased their share from 5 percent to 11 percent, while foreign investors expanded their holdings from 29 percent to 34 percent. This transition to a more price-sensitive investor base could amplify market volatility, particularly if new investors demand higher yields.

Climate financing challenges

A key theme of the OECD’s report is the financing required to meet global climate change objectives.

“If growth rates for public and private investment in the climate transition continue in line with recent trends, advanced economies will not be aligned with the Paris Agreement goals until 2041,” the study said. 

The situation is even more difficult for emerging markets other than China, which would face a cumulative investment shortfall of $10 trillion to meet the Paris Agreement goals by 2050.

The report suggested that increasing public sector financing for climate initiatives could substantially raise public debt-to-GDP ratios. Alternatively, greater reliance on private capital would necessitate rapid development of capital markets, particularly in emerging economies.

“Financial regulation reforms will be essential, particularly to enhance capital market development in emerging markets,” the study noted. 


Pakistan raises over $4.2 billion in bond auction, launches first 15-year zero coupon issue

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Pakistan raises over $4.2 billion in bond auction, launches first 15-year zero coupon issue

  • Muhammad Aurangzeb calls it a major step toward making Pakistan’s financial system resilient
  • He says the country is introducing new, smart ways of borrowing by giving investors more options

KARACHI: Pakistan raised more than Rs1.2 trillion ($4.2 billion) in a government bond auction on Wednesday, including the launch of its first-ever 15-year zero coupon bond, in a move the finance ministry said marked a shift toward longer-term and more diversified debt instruments.

The new zero coupon bond, which does not pay periodic interest but offers a lump sum at maturity, garnered strong investor demand and raised over Rs47 billion ($164.5 million).

The instrument is part of the government’s broader debt management strategy aimed at reducing short-term refinancing risk, encouraging Islamic finance and expanding the country’s long-term investment landscape.

“This is a major step forward in making Pakistan’s financial system stronger and more resilient,” the country’s finance minister, Muhammad Aurangzeb, said in a statement.
“We are introducing new, smart ways of borrowing that reduce risk and give investors more options,” he added. “Our aim is to manage public debt responsibly, promote Islamic finance and attract more long-term investment to support the country’s economic growth.”

The ministry noted the auction saw declining yields across other government securities, reflecting market optimism over moderating inflation and expectations of lower interest rates.

It said the average maturity of domestic debt had also risen from 2.7 years to 3.75 years, easing near-term repayment pressure.

The ministry noted the investor base was also broadening, with more participation from pension funds and insurance companies in addition to commercial banks.

It maintained the diversification helps distribute financial risk and deepen Pakistan’s local capital markets.

Officials also informed additional savings instruments for ordinary citizens, particularly Shariah-compliant bonds, are in development to foster retail investment and financial inclusion.

Despite ongoing global economic uncertainty, the ministry said the auction results reflect renewed investor confidence in Pakistan’s economic direction and reform efforts.


Closing Bell: Saudi main index slips 1.15% to close at 10,591

Updated 18 June 2025
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Closing Bell: Saudi main index slips 1.15% to close at 10,591

  • MSCI Tadawul Index decreased by 11.84 points to close at 1,366.6
  • Parallel market Nomu lost 254.4 points to end at 26,203.84 points

RIYADH: Saudi Arabia’s Tadawul All Share Index declined on Wednesday by 122.69 points, or 1.15 percent, to end at 10,591.13.

Total trading turnover of the benchmark index was SR6.22 billion ($1.66 billion), with 18 stocks advancing and 231 declining. 

The MSCI Tadawul Index also decreased by 11.84 points, or 0.86 percent, to close at 1,366.6

The Kingdom’s parallel market, Nomu, reported drops, losing 254.4 points, or 0.96 percent, to close at 26,203.84 points. This comes as 30 stocks advanced while as many as 55 retreated. 

Among the top gainers, BAAN Holding Group Co. rose 1.6 percent to SR36.85, while Advanced Petrochemical Co. added 1.26 percent to end at SR28.1. 

Dallah Healthcare Co. and Naseej International Trading Co. gained 1.05 percent and 0.94 percent, respectively, closing at SR115.4 and SR74.90.

Saudi Tadawul Group Holding Co. also rose 0.87 percent to close at SR162.

Among the worst performers, National Co. for Learning and Education led losses with a decline of 7.53 percent to close at SR140.

Saudi Marketing Co. followed, shedding 7.04 percent to settle at SR15.32, while Ataa Educational Co. fell 5.85 percent to SR61.20. 

Arabian Pipes Co. ended the session down 5.46 percent at SR5.54, and Saudi Reinsurance Co. edged 5.13 percent lower to SR42.55.

On the announcements front, Saudi National Bank announced its intention to fully redeem its SR4.2 billion Tier-1 capital sukuk at face value on June 30, marking the fifth anniversary of its issuance.

The sukuk, which was issued on June 30, 2020, with a total value of SR4.2 billion, will be redeemed at 100 percent of the issue price in accordance with its terms and conditions.

The bank confirmed that all necessary regulatory approvals for the redemption have already been obtained.

SNB closed Wednesday’s session 0.43 percent lower to reach SR34.35.

Saudi Arabia’s low-cost carrier flynas made its stock market debut, opening at SR77.50 and climbing to SR84.10 before retreating to a low of SR69.90. The stock closed at SR77.30, 3 percent below its IPO price of SR80.


Saudi Arabia ranks 17th globally in competitiveness index as it outshines economic heavyweights 

Updated 18 June 2025
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Saudi Arabia ranks 17th globally in competitiveness index as it outshines economic heavyweights 

  • Listing driven by strong governance, infrastructure upgrades, diversification, and regulatory reforms
  • Kingdom placed behind China in 16th and ahead of Australia in 18th place

JEDDAH: Saudi Arabia has maintained its spot in the top 20 of the World Competitiveness Ranking, ahead of global heavyweights like the UK, Germany and France.

The Kingdom secured 17th position on the list, driven by strong governance, infrastructure upgrades, diversification, and regulatory reforms.

Issued by the International Institute for Management Development’s World Competitiveness Center, the ranking is widely recognized as a benchmark for evaluating how effectively countries utilize their resources to drive long-term economic growth. 

Saudi Arabia was placed just behind China in 16th and ahead of Australia in 18th place. 

Although this marks a slight drop from 16th in 2024, Saudi Arabia’s 2025 ranking represents a significant improvement from 32nd in 2023 and 24th in 2022, underscoring its rising economic stature.

Infrastructure continues to show marked improvement. Basic infrastructure ranks seventh globally with a score of 67.6, up two positions. File/SPA

As part of Vision 2030, Saudi Arabia launched the National Competitiveness Center in 2019, with the organization now working with 65 government bodies to drive reforms centered on productivity, sustainability, inclusiveness, and resilience.

According to the World Competitiveness Center, the Kingdom needs to “continue efforts to promote renewable energy and reduce carbon emissions” and “carry on enhancing overall competitiveness across multiple pillars.”

Improvement will also come if Saudi Arabia continues to “invest even more in human capital development across all economic sectors” and push ahead with “ongoing government endeavors to achieve the targets in the Saudi 2030 vision.”

The IMD report is one of the world’s most comprehensive competitiveness benchmarks, evaluating 69 countries across four pillars: economic performance, government efficiency, business efficiency, and infrastructure.

The ranking shows that GCC countries continue to demonstrate their growing economic strength and regional importance, with the UAE leading the group, securing fifth place globally, reflecting its diversified economy and strategic initiatives to attract investment.

Qatar follows in ninth place, supported by substantial infrastructure development and robust financial resources.

Bahrain was ranked 22, Oman came in at 28, and Kuwait was placed at 36, showing steady progress through structural reforms and sectoral investment despite ongoing challenges.

These rankings underscore the GCC’s ambition to strengthen global economic resilience and competitiveness.

Switzerland, Singapore, and Hong Kong lead the ranking, while Canada, Germany, and Luxembourg saw the most notable improvements among the top 20 economies.

Saudi focus

According to the IMD, Saudi Arabia has made progress in several key economic areas, although some aspects still require improvement.

On the economic performance indicator, the Kingdom ranks 17th globally with a score of 62.3. Its domestic economy scored 59.2, placing it 25th worldwide, an improvement of six positions from the previous year.

Saudi Arabia ranked 12th globally in business efficiency with a strong score of 81.4. Shutterstock

International trade advanced three places to 29th with a score of 56.0, while global investment climbed four spots to 16th with a score of 57.8, signaling increased investor confidence.

However, the employment sector declined slightly, dropping three positions to 29th with a score of 55.6. 

Inflationary pressures impacted the prices indicator, which fell eight places to 19th despite maintaining a relatively strong score of 60.7.

These mixed results reflect Saudi Arabia’s ongoing efforts to strike a balance between growth and economic stability amid global and domestic challenges.

Public finance indicators remain solid, with a score of 69.5, placing the Kingdom 13th globally, despite a modest three-position drop.

Tax policy holds steady at 67.6 points and 12th place, with a similar three-rank decline. The institutional framework experienced a more pronounced decline, dropping seven places to 27th with a score of 58.6, indicating potential areas for reform.

In contrast, business legislation improved, rising two places to 13th with a score of 67.6, indicating regulatory progress. The societal framework remains a key challenge, ranking 55th with a score of 44.2, representing a nine-position decline, which highlights the need for continued social and structural development to support economic goals.

Saudi Arabia ranked 12th globally in business efficiency with a strong score of 81.4. Productivity and efficiency showed further strength, scoring 66 and placing the Kingdom 15th, up six spots.

The labor market remains a key strength, ranking 9th despite a four-place drop, with a score of 64.2. The finance sector gained three ranks to 19th with 63.4 points, while management practices rose to 17th with a score of 64.

Attitudes and values remain a significant national asset, ranking third globally with a score of 81.6, reflecting a strong culture of resilience and ambition.

Infrastructure continues to show marked improvement. Basic infrastructure ranks seventh globally with a score of 67.6, up two positions. Technological infrastructure rose 10 places to 23rd with a score of 59.5, and scientific infrastructure improved nine spots to 29th with a score of 52.1.

Health and environment indicators gained slightly, moving up one place to 47th with a score of 47.5. Education declined marginally, down one position to 39th with a score of 55.4, signaling an area for continued focus.


Riyadh Air to launch new destination every 2 months as 787 deliveries near

Updated 18 June 2025
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Riyadh Air to launch new destination every 2 months as 787 deliveries near

  • Carrier is awaiting delivery of its initial aircraft to commence services
  • Riyadh Air secured necessary landing slots for its first destinations

RIYADH: Saudi Arabia’s Riyadh Air is gearing up to introduce a new international destination every two months once it begins operations, as the carrier prepares to receive its first Boeing 787 aircraft. 

Riyadh Air, fully owned by the Public Investment Fund, is awaiting delivery of its initial aircraft to commence services, according to CEO Tony Douglas. 

Speaking to Bloomberg, he said the airline requires two jets to initiate a round-trip route to each new destination, adding that the Saudi carrier aims to connect to 100 cities by 2030 as part of its long-term growth strategy. 

This aligns with the Kingdom’s National Aviation Strategy, which targets doubling passenger capacity to 330 million annually from over 250 global destinations and increasing cargo handling to 4.5 million tonnes by 2030. 

The carrier currently has four Boeing 787 Dreamliners in different stages of assembly at Boeing’s facility in Charleston, South Carolina. Operations are expected to begin once the first two aircraft have been delivered. 

Riyadh Air had initially planned to launch services in early 2025, but delays in aircraft handovers from Boeing have pushed back the timeline. 

“The fact that these are in production probably brings my blood pressure down,” Douglas said. “I will actually not believe they have been delivered until the day after they have been delivered.” 

Douglas also said Riyadh Air has secured the necessary landing slots for its first destinations, though he did not disclose which cities. 

At the Paris Air Show this week, the airline announced an order for up to 50 Airbus A350 long-range jets, with deliveries expected to begin in 2030. 

Riyadh Air has also placed orders for 60 Airbus A321neo narrowbody aircraft and as many as 72 Boeing 787s, including options. 

Commenting on the Airbus order, Douglas said the decision was based on the aircraft’s capabilities and favorable commercial terms when compared with Boeing’s 777X model. “It was a very close call,” he said. 

The airline’s growth strategy reflects the Kingdom’s ambition to transform Riyadh into a global travel hub and position Saudi Arabia as a major player in international aviation. 

Riyadh Air aims to contribute to the broader Vision 2030 goals by enhancing connectivity and promoting tourism across the Kingdom. 


Saudi-based TIME Entertainment makes Nomu market debut

Updated 18 June 2025
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Saudi-based TIME Entertainment makes Nomu market debut

  • Listing underscores company’s maturity and readiness for future expansion
  • TIME Entertainment specializes in producing large-scale live events across various sectors

RIYADH: TIME Entertainment Co., a Saudi-based full-service live events and experiences management company, has officially begun trading on the Nomu parallel market, marking a significant step in its growth trajectory.

Chairwoman Ameera Al-Taweel described the listing as a strategic milestone that underscores the company’s maturity and readiness for future expansion.

TIME’s listing comes as part of broader efforts by Saudi Arabia to expand investor participation in the Nomu market. In 2024 alone, Nomu has seen 28 IPOs and three direct listings, raising about SR1.1 billion ($293 million).

“We have built a Saudi business model within the live events sector that meets global standards. The events sector is vast and diverse. Our experience represents a successful model that has been built based on a global vision, capped with a Saudi identity, and is distinguished by specializing in producing and organizing major live events managed by a multi-skilled team of some of the best events professionals globally.” Al-Taweel said in a statement. 

Al-Taweel also highlighted the company’s role as a trusted partner to government, semi-government, and private sector clients. “We believe that we represent a national choice that executes major global events and constantly works,” she added.

CEO Obada Awad said the company is guided by a strategy rooted in sustainable growth and market responsiveness.

“We also place significant emphasis on sustainable operational improvement and diligent work to develop and launch premium and quality services that add real value to the market,” he said.

TIME Entertainment specializes in producing large-scale live events across sectors such as sports, entertainment, culture, tourism, and conferences. It offers end-to-end production and management services, in addition to creative and consultancy expertise.

The company is also focused on crafting distinctive narratives grounded in Saudi culture and heritage, with the aim of sharing them with global audiences. Its goal is to deliver innovative, artistically rich, and high-quality experiences.

Saudi Arabia’s entertainment sector is rapidly emerging as a key pillar of the Kingdom’s economic diversification agenda. As the country moves away from its traditional reliance on oil, strengthening the entertainment industry is seen as critical to driving growth across multiple sectors.

A recent report by consultancy AlixPartners found that 33 percent of Saudi consumers plan to increase spending on out-of-home entertainment — well above the global average of 19 percent — highlighting strong local demand.