Global borrowing hits $25tn in 2024, raising debt sustainability fears: OECD 

The surge in borrowing reflects a fragile global economy grappling with slower growth, persistent inflation, and geopolitical uncertainty. Shutterstock.
Short Url
Updated 23 March 2025
Follow

Global borrowing hits $25tn in 2024, raising debt sustainability fears: OECD 

RIYADH: Global borrowing hit a record $25 trillion in 2024, a $10 trillion surge from pre-pandemic levels, sparking concerns over sustainability, a new report showed.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development said in its latest study, “Financing Growth in a Challenging Debt Market Environment,” that the figure is nearly triple the amount raised in 2007, driven by rising sovereign and corporate debt amid higher borrowing costs and economic volatility. 

The surge in borrowing reflects a fragile global economy grappling with slower growth, persistent inflation, and geopolitical uncertainty, which have forced governments and companies to seek more debt to fund operations and maintain public services. 

OECD Secretary-General Mathias Cormann said: “Sovereign and corporate debt levels continue to grow across the world, at a time of increasing borrowing costs and market volatility.” He urged governments to improve public spending efficiency, prioritize productive investments, and incentivize businesses to expand capacity. 

Rising debt levels

The analysis warned that debt levels are projected to continue rising into 2025, with the aggregate central government marketable debt-to-gross domestic product ratio in OECD countries expected to reach 85 percent. This represents an increase of more than 10 percentage points since 2019, nearly double the 2007 level.

“The increase in 2024 was the first since 2020, reflecting slower projected GDP (gross domestic product) growth of around 2 percent annually during this period, compared to over 4 percent in 2022-23, when the economy was recovering from the pandemic,” the report said. 

Bond yields in several major markets surged despite declining policy rates, exacerbating the challenges posed by higher sovereign and corporate indebtedness. This scenario increases borrowing costs and limits the fiscal space available for future investment at a time when substantial capital is needed to drive economic growth, respond to demographic changes, and meet defense and infrastructure needs. 

Record bond issuance

Sovereign bond issuance in OECD countries is projected to reach a historic high of $17 trillion in 2025, up from $14 trillion in 2023. The total outstanding debt is expected to grow from $54 trillion in 2023 to nearly $59 trillion in 2025.

Emerging markets and developing economies also witnessed a sharp increase in sovereign borrowing, with total debt issuance rising from approximately $1 trillion in 2007 to over $3 trillion in 2024. China accounted for 45 percent of the total issuance in 2024, a rise from the 17 percent recorded between 2007 and 2014.

By the end of 2024, global corporate bond debt is set to reach $35 trillion, continuing a decades-long borrowing trend, mainly driven by non-financial companies whose debt has nearly doubled since 2008.

Higher borrowing costs

Governments and corporations are beginning to feel the weight of higher borrowing costs. In 2024, interest payments as a share of GDP increased in about two-thirds of OECD countries, reaching an average of 3.3 percent — a growth of 0.3 percentage points from the previous year. 

“This means spending on interest payments is greater than government expenditure on defense in the OECD on aggregate,” the report explained. 

Additionally, refinancing risks have grown significantly, with nearly 45 percent of sovereign debt in OECD countries set to mature by 2027. Corporate bond markets face similar pressures, with approximately one-third of all outstanding corporate bond debt scheduled to mature in the next three years. 

Refinancing this debt at higher interest rates could further strain public and corporate finances.   

Debt ownership shifts 

The withdrawal of central banks from sovereign debt markets continued in 2024, with their holdings of domestic government bonds in OECD economies shrinking from 29 percent of total outstanding debt in 2021 to 19 percent in 2024.

Simultaneously, domestic households increased their share from 5 percent to 11 percent, while foreign investors expanded their holdings from 29 percent to 34 percent. This transition to a more price-sensitive investor base could amplify market volatility, particularly if new investors demand higher yields.

Climate financing challenges

A key theme of the OECD’s report is the financing required to meet global climate change objectives.

“If growth rates for public and private investment in the climate transition continue in line with recent trends, advanced economies will not be aligned with the Paris Agreement goals until 2041,” the study said. 

The situation is even more difficult for emerging markets other than China, which would face a cumulative investment shortfall of $10 trillion to meet the Paris Agreement goals by 2050.

The report suggested that increasing public sector financing for climate initiatives could substantially raise public debt-to-GDP ratios. Alternatively, greater reliance on private capital would necessitate rapid development of capital markets, particularly in emerging economies.

“Financial regulation reforms will be essential, particularly to enhance capital market development in emerging markets,” the study noted. 


ACWA Power advances $1.8bn capital increase plan to boost global expansion, says CFO


Updated 15 June 2025
Follow

ACWA Power advances $1.8bn capital increase plan to boost global expansion, says CFO


RIYADH: Saudi utility giant ACWA Power is moving forward with its SR7 billion ($1.8 billion) capital increase as part of a broader strategy to expand its footprint in energy transformation, water desalination, and green hydrogen production, according to its chief financial officer.

In an interview with Al-Ekhbariya, Abdulhameed Al-Muhaidib described the capital raise as a critical step to reinforce the company’s leadership both domestically and internationally in sustainable infrastructure.

ACWA Power’s investment portfolio currently stands at around SR400 billion, encompassing over 78 gigawatts of production capacity and more than 9.5 million cubic meters per day in water desalination capacity. In line with long-term objectives, the company’s board approved a plan two years ago to triple assets under management to over SR937.5 billion by 2030.

The initiative also aligns with Saudi Arabia’s national goal of achieving a balanced energy mix by 2030, targeting an equal split between gas and renewable sources for electricity generation.

“The company decided to increase its capital through a rights issue rather than expanding into debt markets, with the aim of strengthening its financial position and enhancing credit flexibility. A large portion of the proceeds will be used to expand its project portfolio both inside and outside the Kingdom,” said Al-Muhaidib.

He noted that 60 percent of ACWA Power’s current investments are located in the Kingdom, with the remaining 40 percent spread across international markets. Between 75 percent and 85 percent of the new capital will be allocated to greenfield projects, while acquisitions will account for no more than 20 percent.

“ACWA Power’s infrastructure projects rely primarily on debt, with shareholders’ equity covering 20 percent to 25 percent of the financing structure. The company will continue this financing strategy while maintaining net debt at approximately SR20 billion, despite the significant growth expected through 2030,” he added.

Highlighting the company’s geographical expansion, Al-Muhaidib said ACWA Power added new projects worth SR34 billion in 2024 across Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, and China.

He also pointed out the firm’s active presence in China, with more than 90 employees based in its Shanghai office to support growth in that market.

ACWA Power successfully achieved nine financial closings in 2024, amounting to SR34.6 billion. The CFO said a dedicated internal team has been established to streamline project execution from inception to operation.

He confirmed that the Capital Market Authority has approved the capital increase, with the final offering price set to be announced during the company’s general assembly on June 30.

“Seventy-seven percent of shareholders have submitted their subscription pledges,” Al-Muhaidib noted, adding that the high participation rate underscores investor confidence in the company’s long-term strategy.

ACWA Power reported a net profit of SR1.75 billion in 2024, a 5.74 percent increase year on year, according to a Tadawul filing issued in February. The gain was attributed to higher revenues from operations and maintenance, increased electricity sales, and improved earnings from equity-accounted investees, capital recycling, and net finance income.


Closing Bell: Saudi main index retreats to 10,731.59

Updated 15 June 2025
Follow

Closing Bell: Saudi main index retreats to 10,731.59

  • Parallel market Nomu lost 393.70 points to settle at 26,404.44
  • MSCI Tadawul Index dropped 11.64 points, closing at 1,380.40

RIYADH: Saudi Arabia’s Tadawul All Share Index fell on Sunday, declining 109.35 points, or 1.01 percent, to close at 10,731.59.

Trading turnover reached SR5.15 billion ($1.37 billion), with only 25 stocks advancing while 233 declined.

The parallel market, Nomu, also ended the session in negative territory, losing 393.70 points, or 1.47 percent, to settle at 26,404.44. A total of 24 stocks rose while 70 registered losses. The MSCI Tadawul Index dropped 11.64 points, or 0.84 percent, closing at 1,380.40.

Saudi Research and Media Group led the day’s gainers, with its share price climbing 9.89 percent to SR155.60. Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Services Group rose 3.82 percent to SR261, and Jazan Development and Investment Co. advanced 3.32 percent to SR10.28.

On the losing side, MBC Group Co. posted the steepest decline, falling 9.99 percent to SR36.95. Modern Mills for Food Products Co. slipped 6.66 percent to SR30.85, while Wafrah for Industry and Development Co. dropped 6.27 percent to SR26.15.

On the announcements front, Tabuk Agricultural Development Co. signed an agreement with the National Electricity Transmission Co., a subsidiary of Saudi Electricity Co., under the Kingdom’s Liquid Displacement Program.

The project aims to cut emissions by replacing liquid fuels used in power generation at the company’s facilities with electricity, while improving operational reliability without imposing significant financial burdens.

Separately, Professional Medical Expertise Co., also known as ProMedEx, signed a memorandum of understanding with Zhende Medical Co., Ltd and MedSurg FZ-LLC to establish a joint manufacturing venture in Saudi Arabia.

The facility will produce medical supplies tailored to the domestic market and the wider region. Under the agreement, Zhende Medical will hold a 51 percent stake in the new entity, ProMedEx will own 35 percent, and MedSurg will hold the remaining 14 percent. Capital details will be disclosed at a later stage.


Oman residential property prices jump 7.3% in Q1 on land demand

Updated 15 June 2025
Follow

Oman residential property prices jump 7.3% in Q1 on land demand

  • Jump driven by 6.5% rise in residential land prices
  • Apartment prices rose 17% in May, while villas gained 6.4%

RIYADH: Oman’s residential property prices climbed 7.3 percent year on year in the first quarter of 2025, led by a sharp increase in residential land values, official figures showed.

According to data from the National Center for Statistics and Information, the jump was driven by a 6.5 percent rise in residential land prices, which form the largest component of the real estate index. 

The gain reflects a broader regional upswing in property activity during early 2025. In the Kingdom, residential property prices rose 4.3 percent in the first quarter. The UAE continued to post strong gains, with Dubai prices climbing 16.5 percent and Abu Dhabi villa prices increasing 4.4 percent over the same period. In Qatar, real estate transactions reached 1.27 billion Qatari riyals ($350 million) in March alone.

Oman is working to ramp up housing supply as part of its Vision 2040 strategy, aiming to deliver 62,800 new residential units by 2030. Some 5,500 of these are expected to hit the market in 2025, according to consultancy Cavendish Maxwell.

NCSI data also showed strong momentum within individual property types. Apartment prices rose 17 percent in May, while villas gained 6.4 percent, and prices for other residential units increased 2.2 percent. The overall residential real estate price index grew 5.5 percent quarter on quarter in the first three months.

Oman is working to ramp up housing supply as part of its Vision 2040 strategy, aiming to deliver 62,800 new residential units by 2030. File/Reuters

On an annual basis, land prices climbed 5.5 percent, apartment prices rose 4.3 percent, and villa prices increased 4.5 percent. Other home types saw the steepest gains, rising 13.4 percent compared to the same period last year.

At the governorate level, Muscat led the price growth with a 17.4 percent increase in residential land values year on year in the first quarter. Musandam followed with a 12.8 percent rise, while Al-Batinah North and South recorded gains of 7.3 percent and 6.1 percent, respectively. Dhofar and Ash Sharqiyah South posted more moderate increases.

However, the gains were not uniform across the country. Al Buraimi saw residential land prices plummet 35.1 percent, followed by declines in Al Dhahirah at 25.3 percent, Al Wusta at 20.4 percent, Ad Dakhiliyah at 3.7 percent, and Ash Sharqiyah North at 0.8 percent.

Oman’s real estate market ended 2024 on a strong note, with total transaction values rising 28.1 percent year on year to 3.13 billion Omani rials ($8.13 billion) by November, according to NCSI.

In a bid to attract foreign capital and stimulate development, the sultanate has rolled out a series of reforms, including relaxed ownership restrictions for non-citizens and new tax incentives aimed at boosting investor confidence.


Investors on edge over Israel-Iran conflict, anti-Trump protests

Updated 15 June 2025
Follow

Investors on edge over Israel-Iran conflict, anti-Trump protests

  • Israel launched a barrage of strikes across Iran on Friday and Saturday
  • Strikes knocked risky assets on Friday, including stocks

NEW YORK: Dual risks kept investors on edge ahead of markets reopening late on Sunday, from heightened prospects of a broad Middle East war to US-wide protests against US President Donald Trump that threatened more domestic chaos.

Israel launched a barrage of strikes across Iran on Friday and Saturday, saying it had attacked nuclear facilities and missile factories and killed a swathe of military commanders in what could be a prolonged operation to prevent Tehran building an atomic weapon.

Iran launched retaliatory airstrikes at Israel on Friday night, with explosions heard in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, the country’s two biggest cities.

On Saturday Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said Israeli strikes would intensify, while Tehran called off nuclear talks that Washington had held out as the only way to halt the bombing.

Israel on Saturday also appeared to have hit Iran’s oil and gas industry for the first time, with Iranian state media reporting a blaze at a gas field.

The strikes knocked risky assets on Friday, including stocks, lifted oil prices and prompted a rush into safe havens such as gold and the dollar.

Meanwhile, protests, organized by the “No Kings” coalition to oppose Trump’s policies, were another potential damper on risk sentiment. Hours before those protests began on Saturday, a gunman posing as a police officer opened fire on two Minnesota politicians and their spouses, killing Democratic state assemblywoman Melissa Hortman and her husband.

All three major US stock indexes finished in the red on Friday, with the S&P 500 dropping 1.14 percent. Oil and gold prices soaring. The dollar rose.

Israel and Iran are “not shadowboxing any more,” said Matt Gertken, chief geopolitical analyst at BCA Research. “It’s an extensive and ongoing attack.”

“At some point actions by one or the other side will take oil supply off the market” and that could trigger a surge in risk aversion by investors, he added.

Any damage to sentiment and the willingness to take risks could curb near-term gains in the S&P 500, which appears to have stalled after rallying from its early April trade war-induced market swoon. The S&P 500 is about 20 percent above its April low, but has barely moved over the last four weeks.

“The overall risk profile from the geopolitical situation is still too high for us to be willing to rush back into the market," said Alex Morris, chief investment officer of F/m Investments in Washington.

US stock futures are set to resume trading at 6 p.m. (2200 GMT) on Sunday.

With risky assets sinking, investors’ expectations for near-term stock market gyrations jumped.

The Cboe Volatility Index rose 2.8 points to finish at 20.82 on Friday, its highest close in three weeks.

The rise in the VIX, often dubbed the Wall Street ‘fear gauge,’ and volatility futures were “classic signs of increased risk aversion from equity market participants,” said Michael Thompson, co-portfolio manager at boutique investment firm Little Harbor Advisors.

Thompson said he would be watching near-term volatility futures prices for any rise toward or above the level for futures set to expire months from now.

“This would indicate to us that near-term hedging is warranted,” he said.

The mix of domestic and global tensions is a recipe for more uncertainty and unease across most markets, BCA’s Gertken said.

“Major social unrest does typically push up volatility somewhat, and adding the Middle Eastern crisis to the mix means it’s time to be wary.”


UAE posts 4% GDP growth in 2024 as economic diversification accelerates

Updated 15 June 2025
Follow

UAE posts 4% GDP growth in 2024 as economic diversification accelerates

  • Non-oil GDP grew by 5%, totaling 1,342 billion dirhams
  • Central Bank forecasts 4.5% growth in 2025 and 5.5% in 2026

JEDDAH: The UAE’s gross domestic product reached 1.77 billion dirhams ($481.4 billion) in 2024, recording 4 percent growth, with non-oil sectors contributing 75.5 percent of the total, highlighting diversification progress.

The Central Bank of the UAE has maintained its real GDP growth forecast at 4 percent for 2024, with an expected acceleration to 4.5 percent in 2025 and 5.5 percent in 2026.

According to the Central Bank’s Quarterly Economic Review for December 2024, this growth outlook was supported by strong performances in tourism, transportation, financial and insurance services, construction and real estate, and communication sectors.

In comparison, Saudi Arabia, the largest economy in the region, recorded a modest growth rate of 1.3 percent in 2024, with its non-oil sector contributing 54.8 percent of GDP as the Kingdom steadily advances its Vision 2030 reforms.

UAE Minister of Economy Abdulla bin Touq Al-Marri said the latest GDP figures released by the FCSC reflect a renewed and positive momentum in the national economy. File/WAM

Qatar’s economy expanded by 2.4 percent, supported by non-hydrocarbon activities comprising nearly 64 percent of GDP, reflecting ongoing efforts to broaden its economic base.

Oman’s GDP grew by 1.7 percent, driven by a 3.9 percent increase in non-oil activities, particularly in industry and services, while Kuwait’s economy contracted by 2.7 percent in 2024 due to lower oil revenues under extended OPEC+ cuts, though its non-oil sector showed relative resilience with stronger private sector credit growth.

According to the Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre, the non-oil GDP grew by 5 percent, totaling 1,342 billion dirhams, while oil-related activities contributed 434 billion dirhams to the overall economy.

Minister of Economy Abdulla bin Touq Al-Marri emphasized that the latest GDP figures released by the FCSC reflect a renewed and positive momentum in the national economy, according to the UAE’s official news agency.

Construction and building contributed 11.7 percent, while real estate activities accounted for 7.8 percent of the non-oil GDP. File/WAM

He added that they further underscore the new milestones achieved by the UAE in economic diversification and competitiveness, guided by the vision and directives of its leadership.

The minister emphasized that “these indicators reflect the sustained success of the nation’s economic strategies, which are driving the transition toward an innovative, knowledge-based, and sustainable economic model aligned with global trends and emerging technologies,” WAM reported.

“With each milestone, we are moving closer to achieving the UAE’s target of raising GDP to 3 trillion dirhams by the next decade, while reinforcing its position as a global hub for the new economy, driven by sustainable development, international competitiveness, and forward-looking leadership,” Al-Marri said, as per WAM.

FCSC Managing Director Hanan Mansour Ahli saId that the UAE’s 4 percent GDP growth in 2024 reflects the country’s strong economic performance, driven by a forward-looking vision centered on sustainable, non-oil-led development.

The Central Bank of the UAE has maintained its real GDP growth forecast at 4 percent for 2024, with an expected acceleration to 4.5 percent in 2025 and 5.5 percent in 2026. Wikipedia

As per the WAM report, the transport and storage sector was the fastest-growing contributor to the country’s GDP last year, expanding by 9.6 percent year-on-year. This surge was largely attributed to the outstanding performance of the country’s airports, which handled 147.8 million passengers, marking a rise of nearly 10 percent.

It added that the building and construction sector registered an 8.4 percent growth in 2024, driven by robust investments in urban infrastructure. Financial and insurance activities grew by 7 percent, while the hospitality sector, including hotels and restaurants, saw a 5.7 percent increase. 

The real estate sector also posted a 4.8 percent rise during the same period.

Based on the FCSC findings, the news agency stated that with regard to non-oil economic activities that contributed most to the GDP, the trade sector contributed 16.8 percent, the manufacturing sector accounted for 13.5 percent, and financial and insurance activities contributed 13.2 percent.

The transport and storage sector was the fastest-growing contributor to the country’s GDP last year, expanding by 9.6 percent year-on-year. File/WAM

“Construction and building contributed 11.7 percent, while real estate activities accounted for 7.8 percent of the non-oil GDP,” it concluded.

According to WAM, passenger traffic through the UAE’s airports also saw a notable rise of 10 percent, reaching a total of 147.8 million travelers. 

Meanwhile, financial and insurance activities grew by 7 percent, while the hospitality sector, including restaurants and hotels, expanded by 5.7 percent. The real estate sector posted a 4.8 percent growth, underscoring its continued importance in the nation’s economic landscape.