A government report says Boeing did not give regulators documents about changes it made in a key system blamed in two deadly crashes of its 737 Max jet, and that officials responsible for approving the plane did not know how powerfully the system could push the plane’s nose down.
Government personnel involved in flight tests knew about changes Boeing made to the flight-control system, but engineers responsible for certifying the plane did not, according to the report, which is expected to be released Wednesday.
Engineers for the Federal Aviation Administration didn’t perform a detailed examination of the flight-control system, called MCAS, until after the first crash, in October 2018 off the coast of Indonesia.
In that crash and another less than five months later in Ethiopia, MCAS pushed the nose of each plane down and pilots were unable to regain control. The crashes killed 346 people and led regulators around the world to ground every Boeing 737 Max — nearly 400 of them.
This week, Boeing and the FAA began certification flights using FAA test pilots. If the FAA deems the flights satisfactory, it could let airlines resume using the plane later this year, which would be a massive victory for Boeing even as the company contends with dozens of wrongful-death lawsuits filed by families of passengers.
Many of the findings in the report by the Transportation Department’s acting inspector general have previously been published in news accounts. But the report provides more evidence for lawmakers who want to overhaul FAA’s process for approving new aircraft.
The report was requested by Transportation Secretary Elaine Chao and congressional leaders, including Rep. Peter DeFazio, D-Oregon, and Sen. Roger Wicker, R-Mississippi, whose committees are investigating the FAA’s approval of the Max.
In a comment attached to the report, FAA said the inspector general’s view “will help FAA to better understand some of the factors that may have contributed to the crashes and ensure these types of accidents never occur again.” The agency said it was working on improvements to the aircraft-certification process.
In a statement, Boeing spokesman Bernard Choi said the company is making sure that improvements to Max “are comprehensive and thoroughly tested.” When the plane returns, he said, “it will be one of the most thoroughly scrutinized aircraft in history, and we have full confidence in its safety.”
The inspector general’s report is a timeline of the plane’s history from design work in 2012 until 2019, when the plane was grounded.
In early development of the Max, Boeing indicated MCAS would not activate often, and so the system didn’t receive a detailed review by FAA. In 2016, as the plane was going through test flights, Boeing changed MCAS to increase its power to turn the nose down under some conditions. But the company did not submit documents to the FAA detailing this change, the inspector general found.
FAA flight-test personnel knew, “but key FAA certification engineers and personnel responsible for approving the level of airline pilot training told us they were unaware of the revision to MCAS,” the inspector general said.
The FAA began reviewing its certification of MCAS more than two months after the Indonesian crash. It was the first time agency engineers had taken a detailed look at the system, according to the report.
As disclosed during a House Transportation Committee hearing last year, an FAA analysis estimated that Max planes might crash 15 more times if MCAS were not fixed. However, the agency let the plane continue to fly while Boeing began fixing the system, a job Boeing expected to complete by July 2019.
The second Max crash occurred in March 2019.
Boeing fell short in disclosing key changes to 737 MAX aircraft
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Boeing fell short in disclosing key changes to 737 MAX aircraft
- Government personnel involved in flight tests knew about changes Boeing made to the flight-control system, but engineers responsible for certifying the plane did not
From barrels to bytes: How AI is powering Saudi Arabia’s industrial transformation
- Inside the Kingdom’s drive to merge energy expertise with digital intelligence
RIYADH: Artificial intelligence is moving beyond concept to become a cornerstone of Saudi Arabia’s energy sector, reshaping how oil, gas, and power systems are managed and optimized.
Industry giants like Saudi Aramco are embedding smart systems into their operations to boost efficiency, reliability, and sustainability—key pillars in the Kingdom’s efforts to modernize its industrial base and diversify its economy.
According to the International Energy Agency, oil and gas companies were among the first to adopt digital technologies. The agency estimates that applying AI to power plant operations and maintenance could save up to $110 billion annually by 2035 through reduced fuel consumption and maintenance costs.
For Saudi Arabia, this technological momentum offers both a blueprint and an opportunity. Under Vision 2030, integrating data and intelligent automation is transforming how energy is explored, refined, and delivered.
At the heart of Saudi Aramco’s operations is a digital transformation strategy centered on artificial intelligence, big data, and the industrial Internet of Things. These technologies are applied at every stage of production—from mapping reservoirs and optimizing drilling to improving efficiency and safety.
AI also underpins Aramco’s Digital Transformation Program, which develops in-house smart tools and data-driven platforms designed to cut emissions, reduce costs, and enhance performance while ensuring a reliable energy supply.
A prime example is the Upstream Innovation Center, where engineers have implemented AI solutions that reduce fuel gas use in boilers, improve efficiency, and detect potential leaks through fiber-optic monitoring. At the Khurais oil field, more than 40,000 sensors monitor approximately 500 wells via an Advanced Process Control system—the first of its kind for a conventional oil field at Aramco. Digitization at Khurais has increased production by around 15 percent, doubled troubleshooting speed, and lowered both costs and environmental impact.
These advances illustrate how Aramco’s network is evolving into a connected, adaptive model, blending traditional engineering expertise with digital intelligence.
DID YOU KNOW?
• AI could save up to $110 billion a year in global power plant fuel and maintenance costs by 2035.
• Advanced Process Control enables real-time monitoring of hundreds of oil wells in the Kingdom.
• AI-powered simulations now replace weeks of manual analysis, enabling faster operational decisions.
As Saudi Arabia develops an AI-driven energy economy, the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology is bridging the gap between digital innovation and industrial application.
Bernard Ghanem, chair of the Center of Excellence for Generative AI, said the university is working with Saudi Aramco to develop AI systems that predict the chemical properties of materials and accelerate research into direct air capture technologies for carbon dioxide removal.
He told Arab News that KAUST is partnering with SABIC and ACWA Power to apply AI in process optimization and materials discovery, turning lab-scale research into practical solutions for the energy sector.
Ghanem said KAUST’s generative AI materials program combines a robotic chemistry lab with its AI Chemist foundation model, a system that accelerates the development of catalysts, battery materials, and membranes for clean energy applications.
“This is our lab of the future, automating experimentation and speeding up energy innovation,” he said.
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Mani Sarathy, professor of chemical engineering at KAUST, noted that AI-based reinforcement learning tools are already improving efficiency in hydrocarbon refineries by enhancing simulations and shortening analysis cycles.
“AI is helping energy companies run complex simulations that once took weeks, enabling faster and more precise operational decisions,” he told Arab News.
Sarathy added that the next phase will combine automation with expert oversight. Hybrid human-AI control systems, he explained, are likely to become standard in critical operations, balancing digital autonomy with safety and reliability as Saudi industries expand AI deployment.
These efforts highlight KAUST’s growing role in transforming AI from an academic discipline into a driver of industrial innovation in Saudi Arabia’s energy sector under Vision 2030.
Meanwhile, Skeleton Technologies is bringing AI-driven energy storage solutions to Saudi partners, solutions that are already reshaping industrial systems across Europe and beyond. In Europe, the company combines artificial intelligence and advanced materials to reduce energy use and improve efficiency in data centers, electricity grids, and defense systems.
“Our solutions allow AI infrastructure to consume less electricity and reduce grid connection needs, making AI operations more energy efficient,” Arnaud Castaignet, vice president of government affairs and strategic partnerships at Skeleton, told Arab News.
Inside its factories, Skeleton uses AI-driven digital twin models, created with Siemens Digital Industries, to simulate production, optimize operations, and enable predictive maintenance, Castaignet said. At the core of its technology is curved graphene, a proprietary carbon material that gives Skeleton’s supercapacitors exceptional conductivity.
“It allows our supercapacitors to charge and discharge within microseconds, around 12 microseconds, something batteries cannot do,” Castaignet said.
The company’s flagship Graphene GPU system, built on these supercapacitors, cuts energy use in AI data centers by up to 40 percent and reduces grid requirements by 45 percent while boosting computing performance. The devices are free of lithium, nickel, and cobalt, relying instead on graphene derived from silicon carbide—essentially sand—processed entirely in Germany.
“To build sustainable AI infrastructure, you need energy-saving hardware as well as renewable power,” Castaignet added. “Our Graphene GPU shows both can work together.”
As Saudi Arabia continues linking engineering expertise with digital intelligence, its industrial progress is measured not only in barrels of oil but also in bytes, data, and the smart systems shaping its energy future.
