What We Are Reading Today: ‘The Machines of Evolution and the Scope of Meaning’

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Updated 09 January 2025
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What We Are Reading Today: ‘The Machines of Evolution and the Scope of Meaning’

Author: Gary Tomlinson

In this groundbreaking book, Gary Tomlinson defines a middle path. Combining emergent thinking about evolution, new research on animal behaviors, and theories of information and signs, he tracks meaning far out into the animal world. At the same time he discerns limits to its scope and identifies innumerable life forms, including many animals and all other organisms, that make no meanings at all.


What We Are Reading Today: ‘Elephants and Their Fossil Relatives’

Updated 12 January 2026
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What We Are Reading Today: ‘Elephants and Their Fossil Relatives’

Authors: Asier Larramendi Aand Marco P. Ferretti

Today, only three species of elephants survive—the African savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana), the African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis), and the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).

However, these modern giants represent just a fraction of the vast and diverse order Proboscidea, which includes not only living elephants but also their many extinct relatives.

Over the past 60 million years, proboscideans have evolved and adapted across five continents, giving rise to an astonishing variety of forms.