Water crisis batters war-torn Sudan as temperatures soar
The country at large, despite its many water sources including the mighty Nile River, is no stranger to water scarcity
This summer, the mercury is expected to continue rising until the rainy season hits in August
Updated 17 June 2024
AFP
PORT SUDAN, Sudan: War, climate change and man-made shortages have brought Sudan — a nation already facing a litany of horrors — to the shores of a water crisis.
“Since the war began, two of my children have walked 14 kilometers (nine miles) every day to get water for the family,” Issa, a father of seven, said from North Darfur state.
In the blistering sun, as temperatures climb past 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit), Issa’s family — along with 65,000 other residents of the Sortoni displacement camp — suffer the weight of the war between Sudan’s army and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF).
When the first shots rang out more than a year ago, most foreign aid groups — including the one operating Sortoni’s local water station — could no longer operate. Residents were left to fend for themselves.
The country at large, despite its many water sources including the mighty Nile River, is no stranger to water scarcity.
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Even before the war, a quarter of the population had to walk more than 50 minutes to fetch water, according to the United Nations.
Now, from the western deserts of Darfur, through the fertile Nile Valley and all the way to the Red Sea coast, a water crisis has hit 48 million war-weary Sudanese who the US ambassador to the United Nations on Friday said are already facing “the largest humanitarian crisis on the face of the planet.”
Around 110 kilometers east of Sortoni, deadly clashes in North Darfur’s capital of El-Fasher, besieged by RSF, threaten water access for more than 800,000 civilians.
Medical charity Doctors Without Borders (MSF) on Friday said fighting in El-Fasher had killed at least 226.
Just outside the city, fighting over the Golo water reservoir “risks cutting off safe and adequate water for about 270,000 people,” the UN children’s agency UNICEF has warned.
Access to water and other scarce resources has long been a source of conflict in Sudan.
The UN Security Council on Thursday demanded that the siege of El-Fasher end.
If it goes on, hundreds of thousands more people who rely on the area’s groundwater will go without.
“The water is there, but it’s more than 60 meters (66 yards) deep, deeper than a hand-pump can go,” according to a European diplomat with years of experience in Sudan’s water sector.
“If the RSF doesn’t allow fuel to go in, the water stations will stop working,” he said, requesting anonymity because the diplomat was not authorized to speak to media.
“For a large part of the population, there will simply be no water.”
Already in the nearby village of Shaqra, where 40,000 people have sought shelter, “people stand in lines 300 meters long to get drinking water,” said Adam Rijal, spokesperson for the civilian-led General Coordination for Displaced Persons and Refugees in Darfur.
In photos he sent to AFP, some women and children can be seen huddled under the shade of lonely acacia trees, while most swelter in the blazing sun, waiting their turn.
Sudan is hard-hit by climate change, and “you see it most clearly in the increase in temperature and rainfall intensity,” the diplomat said.
This summer, the mercury is expected to continue rising until the rainy season hits in August, bringing with it torrential floods that kill dozens every year.
The capital Khartoum sits at the legendary meeting point of the Blue Nile and White Nile rivers — yet its people are parched.
The Soba water station, which supplies water to much of the capital, “has been out of service since the war began,” said a volunteer from the local resistance committee, one of hundreds of grassroots groups coordinating wartime aid.
People have since been buying untreated “water off of animal-drawn carts, which they can hardly afford and exposes them to diseases,” he said, requesting anonymity for fear of reprisal.
Entire neighborhoods of Khartoum North “have gone without drinking water for a year,” another local volunteer said, requesting to be identified only by his first name, Salah.
“People wanted to stay in their homes, even through the fighting, but they couldn’t last without water,” Salah said.
Hundreds of thousands have fled the fighting eastward, many to the de facto capital of Port Sudan on the Red Sea — itself facing a “huge water issue” that will only get “worse in the summer months,” resident Al-Sadek Hussein worries.
The city depends on only one inadequate reservoir for its water supply.
Here, too, citizens rely on horse- and donkey-drawn carts to deliver water, using “tools that need to be monitored and controlled to prevent contamination,” public health expert Taha Taher said.
“But with all the displacement, of course this doesn’t happen,” he said.
Between April 2023 and March 2024, the health ministry recorded nearly 11,000 cases of cholera — a disease endemic to Sudan, “but not like this” when it has become “year-round,” the European diplomat said.
The outbreak comes with the majority of Sudan’s hospitals shut down and the United States warning on Friday that a famine of historic global proportions could unfold without urgent action.
“Health care has collapsed, people are drinking dirty water, they are hungry and will get hungrier, which will kill many, many more,” the diplomat said.
LONDON: Last month, Jews in Israel and around the world celebrated the holiday of Hannukah, which commemorates the victory of Jewish rebels who rose up against the Greek occupiers of Jerusalem in the second century B.C.E.
Each year the week-long holiday, its timing determined by the Hebrew calendar, falls on different dates. This December it began on Dec. 14 and ended at nightfall on Dec. 22 — the same day Israeli forces bulldozed an apartment building in East Jerusalem.
This act of mass eviction left about 90 Palestinians homeless and drove home the reality that it is now the Jewish state that is the occupier in Jerusalem.
The 12-hour operation, supported by soldiers and a mob of stone-throwing Jewish youths, came without warning, despite the fact that the residents’ lawyer had a meeting scheduled with Jerusalem Municipality’s legal department that very day.
Israeli forces gather as an excavator demolishes a building built without a permit in the east Jerusalem neighbourhood of Wadi Qaddum on December 22, 2025. (AFP)
The demolition of the building, which stood on private Palestinian land, was the largest such destruction of property in 2025, but was far from an isolated case. Since the start of the year, 143 Palestinian homes had already been demolished across East Jerusalem.
But, say human rights groups in Israel, this latest demolition shows Israel is stepping up its campaign of displacement in East Jerusalem under cover of international focus on Gaza, while at the same time ramping up the development of new illegal settlements.
The day before the demolition, Israel approved the establishment of 19 new settlements in the occupied West Bank.
“The heart of the issue is the outright discrimination in urban planning policies, which has led to years of systematic and deliberate neglect of urban development for Palestinians in East Jerusalem,” said architect Sari Kronish of the Israeli nongovernmental organization Bimkom — Planners for Planning Rights.
“In practice, inadequate and restrictive zoning plans were approved until they too were halted. The Palestinian population is therefore at an extreme disadvantage; there is only a nominal amount of land designated for Palestinian residential development — roughly 15 percent of East Jerusalem.
Palestinian protesters march in a symbolic funerary parade in the Israeli-annexed east Jerusalem's predominantly Arab neighbourhood of Silwan on June 29, 2021, during a protest over Israel's planned evictions of Palestinian families from homes in the eastern sector. (AFP)
“Without residential land designation in an approved zoning plan, it is not possible to request a building permit.”
In addition, said Kronish, “the possibility of proving land ownership is also a major obstacle along the road to a building permit and depends on the regulations in place.
“Recently, these regulations have become more strict and are basically in line with the renewed process of land registration. Most of the land in East Jerusalem is not officially registered in the land registry; until 2018 the State of Israel adopted relatively lenient protocols to allow minimal planning and building despite this reality.
“But in recent years, new land registration processes have begun, replacing expropriation as the main form of land confiscation. All planning and building processes — zoning and permits — are currently subjugated to this process, and in effect halted.”
Constructed in 2014, the apartment building in Wadi Qaddum was demolished on the pretext that it lacked a building permit.
Israeli security forces disperse Palestinians demonstrating following the Friday prayer in the Arab neighbourhood of Silwan in Israeli-annexed east Jerusalem on February 10, 2023, to protest the Israeli authorities' plan to demolish a building housing 13 Palestinian families. (AFP)
But, as Israeli human rights groups have pointed out repeatedly, building permits are impossible for Palestinians to procure without the existence of zoning plans approved by the Jerusalem municipality — plans which the Israeli authorities systematically neglect to advance or approve for Palestinian areas.
The building was constructed on a plot of land that was subsequently designated as green space, retroactively rendering it illegal.
The first attempt to knock it down, initiated by the far-right national security minister and settler leader Itamar Ben-Gvir, came in 2022. Following legal representation and the intervention of Israeli rights groups, the government granted two stays of execution, the first of 90 days and the second of 30.
These expired in February 2023, but the office of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu stepped in at the last minute and delayed the operation.
At the time, The Times of Israel, citing a Western diplomat, reported that “several Western embassies, including the American and British missions in Israel, (had) reached out to Netanyahu’s office, expressing their opposition to the demolition.”
Israeli, Palestinian and foreign activists hold placards against Israeli occupation and house demolitions in east Jerusalem predominantly Arab neighbourhood of Silwan, on November 8, 2025 during a protest over Israel's planned evictions of Palestinian families from homes in the eastern sector's Silwan district. (AFP)
Now, say human rights groups, the world’s focus has moved away from events in the Occupied Territories, and the Israeli government is acting with increasing impunity.
Amy Cohen, director of international relations at the Israel NGO Ir Amim, or City of Nations, said that 2025 “saw the highest total number of demolitions in East Jerusalem on record, according to the available data.
“A total of 263 structures were demolished due to lacking building permits, including 148 residential units and 115 non-residential structures, placing 2025 at the top of the list in terms of total demolished structures.
“When comparing the number of residential units demolished, 2025 ranks second, after 2024, which recorded 181 demolished residential units, constituting the highest number of home demolitions on record.”
Israel’s motives, say human rights groups, are all too clear.
Palestinian protesters clash with Israeli security forces in the Israeli-annexed east Jerusalem's predominantly Arab neighbourhood of Silwan on June 29, 2021, during a protest over Israel's planned evictions of Palestinian families from homes in the eastern sector. (AFP)
Since Israel’s occupation and illegal annexation of East Jerusalem in 1967, said Cohen, “Israeli policymaking has been driven by two main factors — the demographic and the territorial. In other words, maintaining a Jewish demographic majority and seizing as much control over land and resources as possible.
“One of the main tools used to carry out this goal is deliberate housing deprivation and the policy of selective demolitions under the guise of building-regulation enforcement.
“These in turn become mechanisms of displacement, pushing Palestinians out of the city while taking over more land for settlements and other Israeli interests.”
Bimkom says Palestinians, who constitute 40 percent of Jerusalem’s population, should be given equal rights to housing and shelter.
“The most basic way of doing this is by approving zoning plans for adequate residential development for the Palestinian population while halting land registration processes and the cruel policy of demolitions,” said Kronish.
Israeli security forces fire tear gas to disperse Palestinian protesters amid clashes in the Israeli-annexed east Jerusalem's predominantly Arab neighbourhood of Silwan on June 29, 2021, following a protest over Israel's planned evictions of Palestinian families from homes in the eastern sector. (AFP)
“Rather than depleting the only remaining land reserves in and around Palestinian neighborhoods for Israeli settlements, which is happening at an exponential rate, these lands could be designated to meet the dire housing needs of the local residents.”
But neither Bimkom nor Ir Amin see any hope of such a change in policy.
“Given the record number of demolitions over the past two years, the near complete halt in planning processes for Palestinians, ever-increasing challenges to obtaining a building permit, and the fact that 2026 is an election year, there is reason to assume that the rate of demolitions will only increase,” said Cohen.
“Politicians will be looking to score political points, and unfortunately Palestinians often bear the brunt of this.”
Technically, the authority to demolish houses is vested in the municipality, said Daniel Seidemann, an Israeli lawyer and founder of the NGO Terrestrial Jerusalem, which monitors developments in the city that could affect the political process or spark conflict.
Palestinians help an injured man during scuffles with Israeli police in the Arab east Jerusalem neighbourhood of Silwan as Israeli machinery demolish a Palestinian house at the site on May 10, 2022. (AFP)
“But it’s also vested in the government,” he said. “Once it was the Ministry of Interior, then the ministerial responsibility was transferred to the Finance Ministry, and then last year it was transferred to the Ministry of National Security, and that means Itamar Ben Gvir.”
Seidemann says he saw the symbolic demolition in Wadi Qaddum coming.
“They needed the approval of the Knesset, and the (Joe) Biden administration had considered this to be important enough that they interceded, and the move was not carried out back then. But then right before the summer recess, at 11 o’clock at night, they passed it.”
All the recent demolitions, he said, have been concentrated in the Palestinian neighborhood of Silwan, “and there is clear evidence that this is part of the drive to encircle the Old City with settlements and settlement-related projects.”
The international community, he believes, has lost the will to intervene. “That has been the case since the beginning of the war,” he said, referring to the conflict in Gaza that began in October 2023.
“But with all the crises the world is currently dealing with, whether it’s climate change, Ukraine and now Venezuela, there just isn’t a lot of bandwidth left to deal with this.
Israeli and foreign activists hold placards during a protest against Israeli occupation and house demolitions in East Jerusalem's predominantly Arab neighbourhood of Silwan, on December 19, 2025, over Israel's planned evictions of Palestinian families from homes in the eastern sector's Silwan district. (AFP)
“And it’s personal. I see the political officers in the embassies and the consulates, and they’re just overwhelmed.”
Once, he said, “in spite of all of his bluster, Netanyahu was risk-averse and engageable. He would be attentive, especially to the US, but also to European capitals. Now, he is following Ben-Gvir’s lead and he is un-engageable. He listens to nobody.”
One symptom of that is the dramatic increase in demolitions of Palestinian homes and the building of illegal settlements. But other consequences may be looming.
Given all the increased pressures on the Palestinian people since 2023, including the destruction of their homes and settler attacks, Seidemann has grave fears about what might happen in Jerusalem during Ramadan in February and March this year.
“The past couple of years, the Biden administration had senior officials sitting in Jerusalem, monitoring things, interceding, mediating, and it worked. They were able to elicit restraint from Netanyahu. But there is no guarantee that will be the case this year.
“Ben-Gvir is making no secret of his intention to radically change the status quo at Al-Aqsa, the Temple Mount. The West Bank and East Jerusalem is a tinder box, the entire region is on the brink in every imaginable front, and there is no issue more sensitive than Al-Aqsa.
“And what starts in Jerusalem doesn’t stay in Jerusalem.”
