ISLAMABAD: Human Rights Watch (HRW) has urged Pakistan this week to reform its colonial-era land laws which the watchdog said were being used to forcibly evict low-income residents, shop owners, and street vendors to make room for public and private development projects.
The latest HRW report titled “I Escaped With Only My Life: Abusive Forced Evictions in Pakistan” details alleged widespread and abusive forced evictions that the rights body said disproportionately affected the most economically and socially marginalized communities in Pakistan. Authorities had evicted thousands of people without adequate consultation, notice, compensation, resettlement assistance, or means of redress in violation of their basic rights, the document said.
Forced eviction is defined as “the permanent or temporary removal against their will and without the provision of, and access to, appropriate forms of legal or other protection.”
“The Pakistani government urgently needs to reform its colonial-era land laws so that they are equitable, transparent, and in line with Pakistan’s international obligations,” HRW Senior Counsel Saroop Ijaz said.
“The authorities should ensure that no one is made homeless due to eviction, compensate the loss of land, and provide for the resettlement of those displaced.”
The government and police have not yet commented on HRW’s latest report, but officials have said in the past they were only removing structures that “encroached” on public lands or state property, which they deem both necessary and justified. Encroachment is a crime under several provincial and regional laws, and those convicted face fines or even prison sentences.
In its report, HRW interviewed at least 36 victims of forced evictions in Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi who alleged that police used excessive force to remove tenants and, in some cases, also made illegal arrests. Interviewees also said there was “little consistency and less rationale” for evictions on the pretext of anti-encroachment drives. Victims said police were arresting and prosecuting those who resisted evictions, while corruption in land acquisition, and poor land registration mechanisms made it impossible for them to prove ownership of their land.
“Many of those evicted, in addition to losing their homes, frequently lose their livelihoods and access to essential public services, such as schools and health care,” the report said. “These practices worsen social and economic inequalities, disproportionately burdening people and households with low incomes, and who often are ethnic minorities.”
Pakistan’s colonial-era Land Acquisition Act (LAA) 1894 provides the template for public land acquisition in the country more than a century after its enactment.
“The law and others based on it give the government almost exclusive authority to decide what falls within its scope and to displace people with minimum procedural safeguards that are contrary to international human rights law and standards,” the report added.
Human Rights Watch urges Pakistan to reform land laws amid eviction drives targeting urban poor
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Human Rights Watch urges Pakistan to reform land laws amid eviction drives targeting urban poor
- Watchdog says authorities should ensure no one made homeless, compensate loss of land, provide resettlement
- Officials have said in the past they are only working to remove structures that “encroach” on public lands, state property
Macroeconomic instability, inconsistent policies hinder FDI in Pakistan— economists, OICCI
- Pakistan’s foreign direct investment fell 26 percent to $748 million from $1.01 billion a year earlier — data
- Foreign investors also avoid Pakistan due to its repeated reliance on loans from the IMF, say economists
KARACHI: Despite being the fifth-largest consumer market in the world, Pakistan has failed to attract its “due share” of foreign direct investment (FDI) due to inconsistent policies, regional conflicts and macroeconomic stability, economists and a senior official of the Overseas Investors Chamber of Commerce and Industry (OICCI) said this week.
Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif has pursued economic diplomacy recently, traveling frequently to the China, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and other countries. However, these efforts have yet to translate into sustained inflows, as Pakistan has attracted a mere $3 billion in annual FDI over the past two decades, according to the SBP’s data.
Pakistan’s FDI fell 26 percent to $748 million from $1.01 billion a year earlier, extending the downward trend from $2.5 billion recorded in FY25 and $2.3 billion in FY24.
“Pakistan has not been able to attract its due share of the foreign direct investment,” OICCI Secretary General Abdul Aleem said on Friday.
The OICCI represents over 200 multinational companies operating in Pakistan, which have collectively reinvested $23 billion over the decade to 2023, according to the group’s website.
“One of the reasons that Pakistan has not been able to attract as much FDI as it should is also a situation in a region where there are conflicts.”
Aleem was referring to Pakistan’s recent border skirmishes with Afghanistan and its four-day military conflict with India in May this year.
Portfolio investment has also been far from impressive, rising to $160 million in July–Oct in FY26 from $97.2 million a year earlier. Portfolio investment reflects how much money foreigners invest in or withdraw from a country’s stock market.
Last month, Karachi-based market research firm Topline Securities reported that Pakistan had lost around $4 billion in portfolio investments over the past decade.
Arab News reached out to Pakistan’s finance adviser Khurram Schehzad and Jamil Ahmad Qureshi, the secretary-general of the Special Investment Facilitation Council but they were not immediately available for comment.
Finance Minister Muhammad Aurangzeb told Arab News last month that Pakistan was now better positioned to seek foreign investment due to early signs of macroeconomic stabilization after a prolonged crisis.
‘GREATER CLARITY, CONTINUITY’
Sana Tawfik, head of research at Arif Habib Limited, said Pakistan could see more sustained foreign investment flows through consistent reforms and “clear policies.”
“But foreign investors look for greater clarity and continuity before committing large and long-term capital,” she noted.
Pakistan’s former finance adviser, Khaqan Najeeb, agreed. He said macroeconomic instability and policy shifts complicate business planning.
“Infrastructure gaps and regulatory hurdles further soften investor confidence,” Najeeb said, noting that Pakistan’s net FDI was hovering around the $1.5-2 billion mark, far below the country’s potential.
Najeeb pointed out that Islamabad’s repeated reliance on bailouts from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is also a major reason why foreign investors avoid Pakistan’s debt-burdened yet resilient economy.
Pakistan has secured at least 26 loans from the IMF since joining the organization in 1950, according to the Fund’s website. Pakistan secured a $7 billion bailout program from the global lender last year and is expecting a $1.2 billion tranche after the Executive Board’s meeting next week.
“I think chronic macroeconomic instability, currency volatility, reserves positions going down, going back to the IMF so many times have played a role in this,” he said.
He said Pakistan’s FDI inflows had remained “modest” due to its recurring balance of payments pressures, noting that periodic IMF programs create “uncertainty for long-term investors.”
Aleem said he was working with the government to streamline Pakistan’s tax structure and ease of doing business, noting that foreign investors often had concerns about the South Asian country’s “slow” legal system.
“It is not enough to say improvements have been made internally,” he said.
“You have to stand up internationally and at the right forums, share transparently what is good and what is not good in the country.”
