Cross-border fighting between Pakistan and Afghanistan intensified ‌overnight, with both sides claiming heavy losses and the Pakistani defense minister saying his country was in an “open war” with its neighbor.

As tensions ​persist, here is a look at how Pakistan dwarfs Afghanistan’s military forces and arsenals, according to data from the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies.

OVERVIEW
Pakistan’s armed forces benefit from good recruitment and retention, bolstered by equipment from its main defense partner China. Islamabad continues to invest in its military nuclear programs and is also modernizing its navy and air ‌force.

The capability of ‌the Afghan Taliban’s armed forces, meanwhile, ​is ‌declining, ⁠with ​a fall ⁠in their ability to use foreign equipment that the Islamist group seized when it returned to power in the landlocked country in 2021.
A lack of international recognition for the Taliban administration has also hurt military modernization.

PERSONNEL
Pakistan has 660,000 active personnel in its defense forces, of whom 560,000 are in the ⁠army, 70,000 are in the air force, and 30,000 ‌are in the navy.

The ‌strength of the Afghan Taliban’s military ​is thinner, with only 172,000 active ‌personnel. The group has, however, announced plans to expand ‌its armed forces to 200,000 personnel.

FIGHTING VEHICLES AND ARTILLERY
Pakistan has more than 6,000 armored fighting vehicles, and over 4,600 pieces of artillery.

The Afghan forces also possess armored fighting vehicles, including Soviet-era main battle tanks, ‌armored personnel carriers and autonomous underwater vehicles, but their exact number is unknown.

The precise number of ⁠artillery they ⁠possess, which is of at least three different types, is similarly not known.

AIR FORCE
Pakistan has a fleet of 465 combat aircraft and more than 260 helicopters that include multi-role, attack and transport choppers.

Afghanistan has no fighter jets and no real air force to speak of. It is known to possess at least six aircraft — some of them dating back again to the Soviet era — and 23 helicopters, although it is not possible to assess how many are ​in flying condition.

NUCLEAR ARSENAL
While Pakistan ​is a nuclear-armed country and has 170 warheads, Afghanistan does not have a nuclear arsenal.