Timeline: Agreement in Jeddah ends hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia

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Eritrean soldiers guard the border with Ethiopia in February 1999. (AFP)
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Updated 17 September 2018
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Timeline: Agreement in Jeddah ends hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia

Eritrea and Ethiopia signed a peace agreement in Jeddah on Sunday overseen by King Salman.

The following is a timeline of the African countries’ relations.

* 1952 - Eritrea is officially federated with Ethiopia two years after the United Nations approved a resolution backing a bid by Emperor Haile Selassie.

* 1962 - Haile Selassie dissolves the arrangement and annexes Eritrea. A year earlier, a small group of  Eritreans launched the war for independence that stretched for three decades.

* 1991 - The rebel Eritrean People’s Liberation Front led by Isaias Afwerki captures Asmara, having fought Ethiopia’s military leader, Mengistu Haile Mariam, alongside rebels from the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). The EPRDF invades the Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa and topples Mengistu.

* 1993 - Eritrea formally secedes from Ethiopia after a referendum and Isaias Afwerki is appointed president. Eritrea initially enjoys warm ties with Ethiopia, which is led by Prime Minister Meles Zenawi and is dominated by his TPLF group for the next two decades.




Villagers welcome Eritreans deported from Ethiopia in 1999. (AFP)

* 1998 - After two years of tensions over trade and other issues, clashes break out along the border over ownership of the disputed town of Badme, before evolving into a full-scale war. More than 70,000 Ethiopian citizens of Eritrean origin are expelled from Ethiopia.

* 2000 - A peace agreement is signed, brokered by the Organisation of African Unity - the precursor of the African Union - with both sides agreeing to accept an arbitration ruling. An estimated 80,000 people are thought to have died during the two-year war.

* 2002 - A Hague-based boundary commission hands Badme to Eritrea, but Ethiopia calls for dialogue and says it wants to hold discussions with Asmara before implementing the ruling, which Eritrea rejects. A standoff prevails.




A Canadian United Nation peacekeeper monitors the redeployment of Ethiopian tanks leaving from the Eritrean town of Senafe in 2001 after Ethiopia agreed to withdraw its troops to a buffer zone. (AFP)

* 2012 - Ethiopian prime minister Meles Zenawi, Eritrea’s former ally-turned-foe, dies.

* February 2018 - After three years of street unrest and violent protests, Meles’ successor, Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn, resigns in what he describes as a bid to smooth reforms.

* April 2018 - Former army officer Abiy Ahmed is appointed as Ethiopian premier and vows to seek peace with Eritrea. In June, the 41-year-old announces that Ethiopia would honour the provisions of the 2000 peace deal and the boundary commission ruling delivered two years later. He visits Asmara a month later and signs a pact on the resumption of ties. The two nations declare an end to their “state of war”.

* July 2018 - Abiy and Afwerki sign a pact  declaring an end to their “state of war” in Eritrea’s capital Asmara.

* September 2018 - Abiy and Afwerki sign the Jeddah Peace Agreement in Saudi Arabia during a ceremony overseen by King Salman.

 


Saudi Food and Drug Authority pioneering digital health safety

Updated 15 December 2025
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Saudi Food and Drug Authority pioneering digital health safety

  • Digital foundation enabled the development of centralized dashboards that provide real-time analysis of adverse events
  • Major improvement has been the use of Robotic Process Automation (RPA) to ensure medication safety works smoothly

TOKYO: Saudi Arabia is establishing itself as a regional leader in digital health regulation by integrating advanced technologies into the Saudi Food and Drug Authority’s (SFDA) pharmacovigilance and cosmetic safety oversight.

In line with Vision 2030’s digital goals, these projects are creating new standards for using data to protect public health, according to the SFDA.

A report by the Oxford Business Group says the transformation began with modernising the National Pharmacovigilance Centre’s adverse reaction reporting system. Moving from paper-based submissions to the fully digital “Saudi Vigilance” platform marked a significant step forward.

The introduction of smart reporting forms with structured data fields and behavioural nudges grounded in psychological principles significantly improved reporting quality and completion rates.

This digital foundation enabled the development of centralised dashboards that provide real-time analysis of adverse events, enabling early identification of safety signals and under-reporting trends.

A major improvement has been the use of Robotic Process Automation (RPA) to ensure medication safety works smoothly. By letting computers handle repetitive tasks like sorting reports and checking data, the SFDA has become more efficient.

The new RPA system for identifying safety signals has also sped things up. These technology solutions have made work easier and happier employees by eliminating boring manual tasks.

The SFDA’s digital changes also help prevent risks by using new online learning tools. The aRMMs e-learning system, with training videos about high-risk medicines, has changed how health care workers learn. Adding digital safety steps directly into hospital computer systems has also made a big difference. This new approach puts safety alerts and learning materials directly into doctors’ daily work, ensuring important information reaches them when they need it.

Digital innovation has also helped prevent medication errors. Moving from the old Phonetic and Orthographic Computer Analysis system to the new Saudi Name Registration (SNR) platform has made it easier to spot potentially confusing drug names. With better computer programs that check both Arabic and English names, plus real-time alerts and automatic updates, the SNR system is a big step forward in ensuring the safety of medicines before they reach the market.

Looking ahead, the SFDA plans to use these digital changes to make cosmetic products safer as well.

Planned projects using artificial intelligence include computer systems that spot rule-breaking, automated ingredient checks, and tools that read customer feedback to identify early warning signs.

This digital strategy puts Saudi Arabia ahead in new ways of making rules. By using artificial intelligence, automation, and data analysis in its work, the SFDA is improving how it tracks medicine safety and preparing for further progress in keeping products safe for consumers.

All these efforts support Vision 2030’s goal of building a knowledge-based economy and keeping Saudi citizens as safe as possible.